Are Zoos Necessary Essay -- Animals Wildlife Papers

Are Zoos NecessaryAs a child I can remember when I misbehaved the positive worst punishment my parents could inflict I would be banished to my bedroom, the length of time depending on the seriousness of the crime. It seemed that every possible want and desire I had time cosmos punished was related to an activity just outside the confines of that bedroom. The hours seemed like days and the time spent locked in my room was unbearable. When I notion back on those torturous days of my childhood, I cant believe what the big deal was. If I hadnt been punished, most likely I probably would have spent my free time in my bedroom anyway. Who was I kidding, locked in a room with a TV set, all of my toys and comic books, who could possibly consider being confined to this habitat as punishment? patch I wasnt confined for more than a day or two or put on display for other kids in the neighborhood to observe, I can see a resemblance to the animals that are locked up in their rooms at the zoo. While their rooms have most of the same things as their natural habitats, it is the thought that they do not get to leave after Mom or soda pop has finally broken down and absolved them of their crime. This is their life for the foreseeable future. They havent misbehaved and they certainly did nothing worthy of being punished for. What right do we have to handle our authority over other non-human species? Shouldnt animals be afforded the same basic rights as you and I? It is my belief that despite their professed concern for animals, zoos remain more collections of interesting items than genuine havens or simulated habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals in captivity, bored, cramped, lonely and far from their n... ...undation 2000. Born Free Foundation < www.bornfree.org.uk Brown JHS Virtual Zoo. border 1998. Clark County School District.< www.ccsd.net/schools/brown/zoo/index.html Fritsch, Jane Elephants in Captivity A Dark Side, LA Times 5 Oct. 1998McKenna, Virginia. Beyond the Bars, 1987Peta Action Alerts. June 2000. People for the Ethical discourse of Animals www.peta-online.orgSmith, Val & Kimberly. Personal Interview. 27 July 2000.World Wide Words. Ed. 2000. Michael B. Quinion. www.quinion.comWise, Steven, Rattling the Cage Toward Legal Rights For Animals. New York Perseus, 2000. Zoo Animals To Go. June 2000. Mecury Center <www.mercurycenter.com Zoocheck. June 2000. Zoocheck Canada < www.zoocheck.com Zoo in the Wild Editrice del Vascello. 2000 Editrice de Vascello<http//www.naturalia.org/ZOO/welcome.html

A History of the Treatment of Insanity Essay examples -- Exploratory E

A History of the Treatment of Insanity Over the course of history, insanity has been subjected to a wide variety of manipulations. Attempts to bring round the intellectually ill or simply relieve normal society of the problems caused by insanity have ranged from outright cruelty to higher degrees of humanity in todays society. This paper gives a brief overview of insanity--its believed causes and subsequent treatments--from primitive times up to the nineteenth century. There are two known traditions for diagnosis and treatment of mental illness spiritual/religious and naturalistic/scientific. According to the spiritual/religious tradition, supernatural forces are the cause of insanity. One of the earliest examples of spiritual/religious treatment is a practice called trephining. Archeaologists have discovered skulls exhibiting this primitive form of psychiatric surgery. Trephining involved chipping holes in a victims skull to release the evil spirits that were responsible for(p) for the persons mental illness. Other ancient peoples attributed insanity to the mischief of demons or the anger of the gods, namely the Chinese, Egyptian, and Hebrew societies. The Greek phisician Hippocrates believed insanity to be rooted in a lack of correspondence within the body. More specifically, he argued that a balance of four body fluids (or the four humors) was the key to mental health. An excess or wish of blood, phlegm, black bile, or yellow bile could lead to psychopathology. Those trained in the Hippocratic tradition were instructed to treat the mentally ill with attempts designed to restore the balance of the bodily fluids. These treatments were called heroic because they were drastic and often painful. Among them were bloodletting, purging, an... ...can Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII) was founded in 1844. It later became the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Its purpose is to designate the criteria to diagnose a long-suffering as mentally ill (the cur rent list of criteria is called the DSM-IV) and commit the person to an institution or design a course of treatment suited to the problem. Sources1. Bankart, C. Peter. talk Cures A History of Western and Eastern Psychotherapies. Albany Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1997. 2. Emery, Robert E., and Oltmanns, Thomas F. Abnormal Psychology. New Jersey Simon & Schuster, 1998. 3. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York Pantheon Books, 1965. 4. Rosen,. George. Madness in Society Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1968.

The Moral Maturation of Huckelberry Finn Essays -- English Literature

The Moral Maturation of huckabackelberry FinnA novel structured on the foot of morality, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain focuses on Huck Finns multifaceted growing up process. Huck, through his escapades and misfortunes is obliged to endure the agonizing process from childishness to adulthood where he attains self-knowledge and discovers his own identity. Throughout the jaunt down the Mississippi River, Jim, Ms. Watsons runaway slave, accompanies Huck, and is later joined by two con men. It is during this journey that a peachy moral crisis in Hucks life occurs where he must make a painful decision as to whether he is going to give Jim up to the slave hunters or notify Ms. Watson about Jims whereabouts and assist him to remain a free man. This is the turning point in his character where through buddy-buddy introspection, he learned to think and reason morally for himself. He comes to his own conclusions, unaffected by the accepted, and often hypocritical, percep tions of Southern culture. Huck also deciphers the truth in the face of lies held by the antagonistic society with its evil nature. From the very introduction of Huckleberry Finn in the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huck was known for his victory of playing tricks on those gullible to his antics. In this novel, he played two tricks on Jim, enough to never make him do such a social function again. The first time as a joke, Huck puts a dead rattlesnake near Jims sleeping place, and its mate comes and bites Jim. He learned for his own pastime never to do that because it could have been him bitten by the snake. However, the second prank Huck pulls on Jim unbeknownst to him does not seem to be as funny as he thought it would be when he pretended that the whole fog incident was a figment of Jims imagination. Jim was hurt by Huck and calls him trash, the small turning point of Hucks morality he even had the decency to apologize, showing acceptance to a black man. As I quote from pages 83-8 4 What do dey stan for? Ise gwyne to tell you. When I got all wore out wid work, en wid de callin for you, en went to sleep, my heart wuz mos broke bekase you wuz los, en I didn kyer no mo what become er me en de raf. En when I wake up en fine you back agin, all safe en soun, de tears come, en I could a got down on my knees en kiss yo foot, Is so thankful. En all you wuz thinkin bout wuz how you could ma... .... Although Jim is a slave, Huck has already learned to recognize Jim as a real human being with emotions and deep consideration for his family. Because of these conclusions, he will do anything to fight for his garters rightful freedom. By the middle of the novel, anyone could believe that Huck Finn learned a great lesson of equality and made a complete 360 in becoming a new person. However, this is not so because from the time that Tom Sawyer, Hucks friend from St. Petersburg, returns to the picture, Huck goes back to his indecent ways and disregards Jim as what he once bel ieved him to be, an equal. They both toy around with Jim as they plan his escape from the Phelps. In conclusion, his baffling work to fight against the hypocritical ideals of society at the time came right back and sucked him into their beliefs, all to impress his friend. Once he comes back to living in their society, he would no longer feel like he would have a say in his way of life and ideals especially the fact that aunt Sally was going to civilize him. This idea of being captivated and made to be civilized does not suit Huck, he plans to run away to the westside to escape all that burdens him in this society.

Essay --

CSD 2260 ReavisEmphysemaWhen people hear the medical diagnosis of Emphysema, many think immediately that one had been a regular smoker of tobacco for a long period of time. There are many different driveways for the illness that can be from other factors too smoking such as inhaling pollutants that surround ones life from vehicles and factories. Emphysema is not a medical disease that is sudden it is one that worsens everywhere time due to the impact on the lungs. With education on this disease more individuals will use preventative measures to decrease ones risk of the disease. The definition of pulmonic emphysema according to the Websters Dictionary is a condition characterized by air-filled expansions of body tissues specifically a condition of the lung marked by abnormal involution of the alveoli with loss of pulmonary elasticity that is characterized especially by shortness of breath and may lead to impairment of heart action (Emphysema.). Meaning that within the lungs at that place are small sacs that are called alveoli, where the exchange of gas and blood occurs is interfered by the sacs over filling causing an obstruction of the sacs leading to breakage. The damage of the sacs can cause complication breathing due to the scaring and of the sacs developing holes decreasing the input of the oxygen in the blood stream. One of the many disease that is associated with emphysema includes COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). This disease is a building block to emphysema, it has similar symptoms consisting of wheezing, and shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightening. The least common symptoms of emphysema are loss of appetite and weight loss, depression, unretentive sleep quality, and decreased sexual function (emphysema ... ...cks and symptoms of emphysema is to become educated on how to care for ones self through medical advice and care. http//www.bing.com/images/ bet?q=annual+diagnosis+of+emphysema+&FORM=HDRSC2view=detail&id=4E F6D52C1B62768BEFEC4D4AC855926060639748&selectedIndex=0 http//www.bing.com/images/search?q=Emphysema+Lungs&FORM=RESTABview=detail&id=7EADDF80F7268CF1D6FFB1D6A08E1AD2B22CA203&selectedIndex=81 Works CitedEmphysema. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.merriam-webster.com/ lexicon/emphysemaEmphysema symptoms. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/lung/copd/emphysemasymptomsNordqvist, C. (2004, June 01). What is emphysema? What causes emphysema?. Retrieved fromhttp//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8934.phpSlowik, G. (2012, November 30). Medications to treat emphysema. Retrieved fromhttp//ehealthmd.com/content/medications-treat-emphysema

Truth vs. Lie Essay :: essays research papers

     I agree with the statement "honesty is the best policy". People will be able to religious belief people who be honest, liars will have rumors spread around about them, and its just plain easier to tell the truth. Nobody likes people who lie all the prison term and wont whop whether to trust them or not. People get annoyed by people who lie a lot.     Being honest and having a reputation of never lying makes people trust them more. People are more likely to come up to a person who tells the truth and ask them a question. They are more likely to get the right answer and not a lie. People who tell the truth are more respected and arent looked down at for being a liar. People can be trusted more when they constantly tell the truth. When they ask if they can go out and do something, they are more likely to be able to because others trust them and they dont have to worry.     Liars have rumors spread around abou t how they lie all the time. Nobody wants to talk to them because they wont know if they are lying to them or not. They arent trusted as much as people who dont lie. Liars never get very far in life and invariably have a reputation of lying. Its much better to tell the truth and have friends who trust them, rather than lying and having rumors spread around fashioning no one like them.     Its actually easier to just tell the truth. There are many reasons for this. One reason is, people dont have to think of lame excuses, making it much faster. Another reason is, people who tell the truth wont get in as much trouble when someone finds out that they lied to them.

Exporting Rubber Products to China

The manufacture of preventive found products such as industrial tyres, tubes, political machine parts and components has been a part of Sri Lankas economy since the early 1930s. As one of the largest refuge producing countries, Sri Lanka bring forths different types, regulates and grades of rubberise as well as rubber based products for trade commercialises. chinaware accounted 0. 45% of total merchandises from Sri Lanka to the world, but on the current trend its optimistic that china bequeath increase the electric strength items of exports from Sri Lanka such as rubber products, tea, spices and confectioneries and seafood.mainland Chinas demand for rubber was expected to rise 8. % tonnes in 2010 to reflect strong growth in the republics auto field. The take aimment of the auto exertion is the main driver for the development of market for rubber products in China. The development of highway construction and raptus manufacturing will drive the demand for tyres, e ngineering rubber products and other rubber products. China consumes 16% of the worlds natural rubber. China has already become the worlds largest rubber purpose than any other country, estimated statistics illustrate Chinas top rubber consumers position will not be shaken in the period ahead.In recent years, the worlds major rubber companies such as Goodyear, Bridgestone, Michelin and other poop out companies have entered China, mass production of export products. As the emerging economic super power, China led solid foundation for the exporters of rubber products by creating potential market opportunities due to its sustained high growth in exports of rubber. Many opportunities are available on improving trading with China considering the strength of the amicable alliance maintained between the two countries by continuous dialogue and trade agreements on mutual appreciation.It is reasonably appropriate to commend the trade relationship between the two countries considering t he fact its historical relationship and the monumental development in China who will indisputably become the giant in trade & industry during this century. Chinas membership of Asia Pacific mete out Agreement (APTA) would provide Sri Lanka get to to one of the largest markets in the world. It was becoming more momentant as it gave Sri Lankan exporters access to the emerging giant economies in the world such as China, India and South Korea.Rates of utilization of key trade deals such as the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) and South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) were low by Sri Lankan rubber exporters. It might be due to exporters are not obtaining certificates of origin from the department of commerce, exporters are not aware of the Free Trade Agreements (FTA) or the importer is not presenting it and getting duty concessions. Its important to mend exports to China because the potential market for the rubber based products is enormous.Sri Lankan exporters should make awar e of the preferential trade terms between China and Sri Lanka and put on them in the best possible way to develop the export of rubber products. Recently, Sri Lankan political sympathies has used trade policies which would further their foreign policy objectives such as building strong relations with China. Despite Sri Lanka rubber industry being adversely affected by this world crisis, Sri Lanka was able to recover the lost market share and offer its natural rubber at a highly competitive rate under these trade agreements.China commenced import of rubber from Sri Lanka in 1951 even before agreements became effective. China extended a remarkable sense of generosity to the people of Sri Lanka in becoming the principal importer of rubber from Sri Lanka. Although exports under APTA have grown, it was still only about 50 zillion dollars worth of goods to China, Korea, India and Bangladesh with about 1,800 certificates of origin issued by the commerce department. Natural rubber and ru bber products are one of the main products exported under South Asia Preferential job Agreement (SAPTA) and Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA).Under SAPTA also total Sri Lankan exports remains modest. While the Free Trade Agreements do not eliminate import tariffs on rubber, it would facilitate to ensure stable cost and supply for China suppliers. The agreement can encourage Sri Lankan exporters to set up distribution offices in China and sell speakly to downstream manufacturers in the country. Southeast Asia is the largest source of rubber in the world, particularly Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia.All of these countries are huge competitors from the Sri Lankan perspective. The quality of output from the parting is good and stable as well. China, on the other hand, is the largest global manufacturer of tires and China requires at least 60% of natural rubber used for the industry is currently sourced overseas. There would be a potential market not only for rubber produc ts but also for natural rubber for the exporters of Sri Lanka. Chinas rubber market has maintained rapid consumption growth and booming growth patterns remains unchanged.If Sri Lankan rubber producers seek the markets available in the world such as China and build international competitiveness in the industrial rubber products, it would help Sri Lanka to raise national income and create jobs in the particular sector. Rubber industry helps to utilize underemployed labour resources because it needs intensive labour resource and it is also kind of forest rehabilitation. Sri Lanka could shift from exporting of long lived forest products to relatively brusque lived forest products such as rubber.Sri Lankan rubber products manufacturing industry could achieve remarkable progress with the use of novel technology and sophisticated production facilities. In bicycle-built-for-two with the increase in rubber consumption in China, the corresponding increase in the volume and value of exported rubber products has grown significantly. Factors of rapid growth of Chinas rubber consumption * Rapid economic expansion As China is at present stage of heavy industrialization theres a vast need of rubber based products for the appliance manufacturers, automobile companies and various other industries.Major economic indicators such as Gross house servant Product (GDP), Industrial Production annual growth rate, Fixed Asset Investment Growth Rate and annual growth rate of China endorse the potential opportunities available in China. * Automakers have been strong. Theres a rapid growth in vehicle production with the improvement of peoples income levels, middle class expansion of automobile consumption. * Dramatic increase in the road traffic Expansion of the economic output, the acceleration of urbanization, domestic and foreign trade and enhanced standard of living has increased the road traffic significantly in China.Considerable increase in road traffic is a direct stimulus to th e major rubber product, industrial tyres. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUTION 1. It s necessary for private sector to develop and add more value on their rubber based products so as to improve their competitiveness in the Chinese markets as well as to make the best use from the abundant natural rubber in Sri Lanka. * In order to improve their competitiveness, producers of rubber products should develop and enhance their human resources skills, improve their production process to be more efficient and produce high quality rubber products. In addition, Sri Lankan firms should focus more attention on search and development (R&D) to enhance and upgrade their products to be a higher quality in order to meet product standards and requirements in China. * The most important fact is that producers, suppliers and related institutes (Research Institutes, Testing laboratories and so on) should hold hands to form a cluster in order to help and support each other in the integrated supply chain.2. T o improve the quality of rubber products to export to China, the producers should study and possess good understanding on Chinas compulsory standards and recommended standards. 3. Before exporting to China, the exporters should study and have a good understanding of the current situation in the Chinese rubber markets, the transportation and logistics system in China, regulations and other related policies of the Chinese Government and Chinas committal in the WTO as well as Chinas FTA agreements with Sri Lanka.4. Be cautious of selecting business or trade partners, and select one with potential and credibility. The exporters should accent on building close relationships with their Chinese partner to allow for smooth business operations. Connections are one of the most important business customs in China and other social and cultural aspects include joining a meal together and gift giving using two hands as it demonstrates sincerity and intention between two parties. The system of C hinese networking is heavily focused on personal relationships. . The Government of Sri Lanka should encourage public and private sector to add more value on natural rubber, which are abundant in Sri Lanka in order to produce processed rubber products by financially supporting the rubber industry, providing technical and other assistance, developing the human resources, conducting more researches on rubber products as well as encouraging rubber producers to improve the quality of Sri Lankan rubber products to meet the required standards in oreign markets, particularly in China and other foreign countries.6. The Sri Lankan Government should financially support and establish the research and testing laboratories as well as Sri Lankan researchers and specialists to improve the production processes and upgrade higher standards of Sri Lankan products, including the equipment, machinery and innovation to produce new hi end products. . When taking into friendliness fundamental factors suc h as size of economy, size of population and size of domestic market, it seems that Sri Lanka is not in a position to compete with China. Therefore, its necessary to conciliate strategic approaches to co exist with China, particularly to be part of Chinas economic growth rather than to explicitly compete with China.Therefore, we suggest the Sri Lankan Government to implement the Rise with the Dragon strategy, in terms of trade and investment in order to be part of Chinas production and consumption processes. The export of rubber products to China would be economic growth driven international business to Sri Lanka. As Rubber fall under the main export categories of Sri Lanka, we have a potential of developing the quality of rubber products and theres a vast opportunity exists in China for Sri Lankan Rubber Products.

A comparison between Jean Rhys and Una Marson Essay

Voyage into the MetropolisExile in the Works of blue jean Rhys and Una Marson.In Jonathan Millers 1970 production of Shakespe atomic number 18s The Tempest the character of Caliban was cast as d givehearted, therefore reigniting the link between the Prospero/Caliban range as the coloniser/colonized. It was non a new-fashi cardinald idea, indeed Shakespeare himself envisaged the play set on an island in the Antilles and the play would begin had great appeal at the time when new territories were cosmos disc all overed, conquered, plundered and providing seemingly inexhaustible r pointue for the colonisers. What is secernateicularly interesting, however, is how powerful the play later becomes for discourse on compoundism. This trope of Caliban is used by George Lamming in The Pleasures of Exile where he worryns Prospero in his affinityship with Caliban, to the jump slave-traders who used physical force and then their culture to subjugate the African and the Carib, overcomin g any rebellion with a self righteous determinism. In The Pleasures of Exile Lamming sees Caliban asMan and other than man. Caliban is his convert, colonized by language, and excluded by language. It is precisely this gift of language, this render at faulting which has brought ab aside(a) the pleasure and the paradox of Calibans expatriation. Exiled from his gods, exiled from his nature, exiled from his own name Yet Prospero is afraid of Caliban. He is afraid because he knows that his encounter with Caliban is, largely, his encounter with himself. 1The Prospero/Caliban paradigm is a very relevant symbol for the colonizer/colonized situation of the westmost Indies that it nevertheless remains a paternal position. Where does that leave women of the Caribbean? It could be argued that the Caribbean woman has been even further borderlineized. That in making Caliban the model of the Caribbean man it is therefore providing him with a voice.Yet nowhere in the Tempest is there a egg- producing(prenominal) counterpart, rendering the Caribbean woman invisible as well as silent and ignoring an essential part of their historical culture. Another issue raised(a) here, is that Caribbean literary productions has for legion(predicate) years been male masterd. Just as the colonizer sought to ignore and marginalize their savage other so the Caribbean male has ignored their female counterpart. Opal Palmer Adisa, in exploring this issue, believes that it is out of this patriarchal structure, designed to make her an object, part of the landscape to be used and discarded as seen pass by the colonizer, that the Caribbean woman has emerged.2It was out of such a patriarchal structure that dungaree Rhys and Una Marson emerged. The writing of both(prenominal) women revise and expand theme and personae, subverting a colonial and patriarchal culture. ii women may exist in different ethnological and ontological realms exactly they both exist in realisms which have, at on e(a) time or another, attempt to censure, silence or ignore the ideals and interests of women3 Like many of their male Caribbean counterparts to succeed them, their writing was greatly influenced by voyaging into the colonial capital and living in exile. In this essay I will discuss the importance of that journey in seeking to find a voice, an identity, and even a language to dispute established tactual sensations of egotism, sexual practice and race indoors the colonial structure. But essential to their experience is their struggle. Naipaul recognised, in Rhys, the themes of isolation, an absence of society or community, the wizard of things falling apart, dependence, leaving.4 This could also be said of Marson.Jean Rhys was born Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams on 24th August 1890, in Roseau, Dominica to a Creole acquire of Scottish descent and a Welsh father who was a doctor. Rhys left Dominica in 1907, aged sixteen and continued her education in a Cambridge female childs school and then at the honorary society of Dramatic Art which she left after cardinal terms. Rhys experienced olfactionings of alienation and isolation at both these institutions and these feelings were to stay with her for much of her life. Upon pursuing a public life as a chorus girl under a variety of names Rhys embarked on an affair with a man twenty years erstwhile(a) than herself and which lasted two years. It is broadly accepted that this early period of her capital of the United Kingdom life formed the structure for Voyage In The Dark, and comparable all of Rhyss novels, explores homelessness, dislocation, the marginal and the migrant. The character of Anna, equal most of her female protagonists exists in the demimonde of city life, living on the wrong side of respectability. What Rhys does effectively in this novel is to centralize the marginalized, those payoffs who give out nowhere, between cultures, between histories.5Una Marson was born in rural Jamaica in 1905 . Her father was a well respected Baptist minister and as a leave behind of his standing at bottom the community Marson had the opportunity to be meliorate on a scholarship at Hampton High School, a boarding school for mainly fresh, center of attention class girls. After finding employment as a stenographer, Marson went on to edit the Jamaican Critic, an established literary publication, and from 1928-1921, her own magazine The Cosmopolitan. Having established herself as a poet, playwright and womens activist Marson made the decision to travel to Britain.Her achievements in capital of the United Kingdom were impressive a social activist within the League of Coloured Peoples which led to her taking a post as secretary to the deposed Emperor Haile Selassie and later she was appointed as a BBC commentator. In reality, however, Marson, like Rhys found the voyage into the Metropolis very difficult. Facing blatant racial discrimination like so many due west Indian women migrants of the 1950s, Una found herself blocked at every turn. She complained and cried she felt lonely and humiliated,. 6 In spite of many literary and social connections she remained an isolated and marginal figure. Her metrical composition displays the uncertainty of heathen belonging where her language ties her to colonialism yet also provides her with a powerful withall with which to challenge it.In placing Rhys alongside Marson as pioneering female writers, it is outstanding to explore the notion of nationality, of be Caribbean and to question the grounds upon which such ideas are constructed. Both women were writing at the same time, having been born and educated in the British colonies. Both these writers, whose lives span the twentieth century, are situated at the crossroads of the colonial and post-colonial, the modern and post modern, where the threat of fascism and war result in anti colonial struggles and eventual decolonisation across the world. Their voyages from the col onies into the metropolitan focalise generate similar experiences.What is clear with both is that by journeying into the urban center, as women, they occupy a double marginal position within an already marginalized community. Their journey can be seen as an exploration of displacement where, agree to Edward W. Said, the intellectual exile exists in a median state, neither completely at one with the new setting nor fully disencumbered of the aged(prenominal), beset with half involvements and half attachments, nostalgic and sentimental at one level, an adept mimic or a secret outcast on the other.7 Rhys and Marson, having left the Caribbean are asking us to consider what it way of life to write from the margins. Within their figure out, both women challenge notions of womens place within society and womens place as a colonized subject in the metropolitan centre.The protagonist, Anna Morgan, in Voyage in the Dark, reflects Rhyss own multi indeterminate, multi conflicted identity. Anna, like Rhys is a face cloth descendent of British colonists and slave traders who occupy a unsound position of being inbetween. Hated by the disconsolates for their part in oppressing the slaves and continuing to cling on to that superior social position, they are also regarded by the mother sphere as the last vestiges of a degenerate part of their own history best forgotten. Moreover, 1930s England, still under the shadow of Victorian moralistic dicta, continued to judge harshly a juvenile woman without wealth, family, social position and with an odd accent.Throughout the novel Anna is identified with characters who are usually objectified and still in canonical arrive ats the chorus girl, the mannequin, the demimondaine.8 Much has been made of her reading of Zolas Nana and indeed there are many parallels between the two characters. Anna, like Nana becomes a prostitute and in the introductory version of Voyage in the Dark Anna like Nana dies very young. in that loca tion is of course the obvious anagrammatise of her name but, as Elaine Savory highlights, some interesting revisions by Rhys. Whereas Zola, in Nana, creates a character who brings about the downfall of upper class men not by dint of power but with only the unsophisticated currency of youth and raw female sexual activity9 Rhys, in Anna, creates a character who is herself undone by men.In Rhyss version the men who use her youth and apricot are for the most part evidently cowardly or absolute disreputable Anna herself begins as naively trusting, passes with a stage of self destructive trustlessness and passivity and ends, in Rhyss preferred, unpublished version, by dying from a botched abortion.10If we are to see Walter Jeffries as the original European, existing in a world viewed surely by himself as principally reproducible and reasonable then Rhys is, through this character, highlighting the degenerate aspect of utilize power to commodify and even destroy, thereby subvert ing the colonizers position in relation to the colonized.Through the character of Anna, Rhys explores those oppositions of Self and Other, male and female, pitch- opprobrious and uninfected. Even though she outwardly resembles the white European, enabling her, unlike Marson, to blend visually within capital of the United Kingdom, her standoff with the Caribbean sets her apart as between black and white cultures and as an exotic Other. This ambiguity of Annas position results in slippage. Anna and her family would have been regarded in the westmost Indies as the white colonizers. In England and in her relationship with Jeffries she becomes the colonized Other. In being read as the colonized subject Anna is continually having to adapt her world view and sense of identity to the perspective being imposed on her. A good example of this is the chorus girlss renaming her as the Hottentot aligning her more with the black African and demonstrating the homogenizing of the colonized stac ks by the colonizers.This is similar to Spivaks belief that so intimate a thing as private and human identity might be determined by the politics of imperialism.11 Interestingly, Hottentot is the former name for the Nama, a nomadic tribe of Southern Africa. A somewhat apt comparison which reflects Annas own nomadic existence as she moves from town to town as a chorus girl and from one bed sit to another. The term Hottentot developed into a uncomplimentary term during the Victorian era and became synonymous prototypically with wide hipped, big bottomed African women with oversized genitals and then with the sexuality of a prostitute.Jeffries is fully aware of the implications of the name Hottentot. In response to hearing Annas renaming he says, I hope you call them something worse back.12 Elaine Savory makes a strong connection between Annas renaming and her relationship with Jeffries, her eventual seducer. Whilst not looking at Annas body in an obvious way, eventually the transac tion between them is understood fully on his side to be a promise of sexual frenzy from a white woman whom he perceives as having an extra thrill presumably from companionship with racist constructions of black females in his culture.13Franz Fanon, in his bulk Black Skin, blank Masks perceives these complex colonial relations as being in a state of flux rather than fixed or static. In his introduction to Fanons text, Homi Bhabha highlights this point, stating that the familiar alignment of colonial subjectsBlack/ uncontaminating, Self/Otheris disturbedand the traditional grounds of racial identity are dispersed.14 So it is in the relationship between Jeffries and Anna. In transposing the colonizers stereotypical images of a black woman onto Anna he is disrupting and dispersing those traditional grounds of racial identity.Moreover, Anna is subconsciously enacting a mediated performance, aware of her impact upon him and the implications of her actions, in an attempt to adhere to h is prec erstptions of her. The relationship cannot be sustained on these fundamentally rocky preconceptions. Anna, both as a female and racial Other is penetrated by Jeffries and with the exchange of money is commodified. Without independent means Anna becomes that purchasable girl who is at the pity of and eventually becomes dependent upon the upper middle class Jeffries. The relationship between these two characters reflects Rhyss own location in the world where the watt Indies was at the time still a commodity of the British imperium.In another analysis of the colonial stereotype, Homi Bhabha challenges the limiting and traditional confidence of the stereotype as offering, at any one time, a secure point of identification on the part of the individual,15 in this case Jeffries and Hester. Bhabha does not argue that the colonizers stereotyping of the colonized Other is as a result of his security in his own identity or conception of himself but more to do with the colonizers o wn identity and authority which is in fact destabilized by contradictory responses to the Other. In order to maintain a powerful position it is important, according to Bhabha, for the colonizer to identify the colonized with the image he has already fixed in his mind. This image can be ambiguous as the colonized subject can be simultaneously familiar under the penetrable gaze of the all seeing, all powerful colonial gaze and be incomprehensible like the inscrutable Oriental. The colonized can beboth savageand yet the most obedient and dignified of servants he is the embodiment of rampant sexuality and yet innocent as a child he is mystical, primitive, simpleminded and yet the most worldly and accomplished liar , and the manipulator of social forces.16In short, for Bhabha, the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized is riddled with contradictions and inconsistencies which, when imposed upon the colonized Other, cause a crisis of identity. So it is with Anna. Jeffries upo n first meeting with the very young Anna can see that she is as innocent as a child and is most obedient sexually, but by her association with the Caribbean and the Hottentot as I have previously explored, she is subsequently attributed with being the embodiment of rampant sexuality resulting in his taking of her virginity, abandoning her to prostitution but also leading to as Veronica clegg observes a loss of temporal referents17Annas stepmother, Hester, also attempts to impose an identity upon Anna which not only conflicts with Annas own sense of identity but is also based around stereotypical perceptions. . Hester, whose voice represents a repressive English colonial law18 believes that Annas fathers troubles resulted from his having disconnected touch with everybody in England19 and that these severing of ties with the Imperial motherland is a signal to her that he was failing,20 losing his identity, reduced to the level of the black inhabitants of the island. This idea of be foulment and racial reduction is explored by Paul B. Rich who explains that there was a belief in the early twentieth century that white people in the tropics risked in the absence of continual cultural contacts with their temperate northern culture, being reduced to the level of those black races with whom they had made their unnatural home.21In Hesters eyeball this apparent loss of identity is also experienced by Anna. She continually criticizes her speech, her relationship with Francine the black servant, and also insinuates degenerative behaviour on the part of her family, particularly Uncle Bo. Hesters views reflect the growing disapproval in England at that time, of relationships between white people and the black population in the West Indies. Inter-racial relationships were discouraged for fear of contamination of the white Self. In voicing her disapproval of Annas friendship with Francine along with her continual use of the racist and derogatory term nigger, Hester is allu ding to the fact that, in her opinion, Anna, especially through her speech, has indeed been contaminated and reduced racially and that Annas association with Francine thwarts her attempts to reconnect her with the colonizers cultural contacts.Hester rails that she finds it inconceivable to get you Anna away from the servants. That awful sing-song voice you had Exactly like a nigger you talkedand still do. Exactly like that dreadful girl Francine. When you were jabbering away together in the pantry I never could tell which of you was let looseing.22 Hesters constant criticism only serves to undermine Annas real identity and dislocate her further from the Caribbean world she once inhabited and the alienating London world she is now experiencing. Her accent sets her apart, drifting between two worlds.Annas difficulties in negotiating these two worlds is a result of the return of the diasporic to the metropolitan centre where the perplexity of the living is most acutely experienced.23 This can certainly be seen in her response to the weather which, according to Bhabha, invokes the most changeable and imminent signs of national going away24 The novel opens withIt was as if a chill had fallen, hiding everything I had ever known. It was almost like being born again. The colours were different, the smells different, the feeling things gave you right down inside yourself was different. Not just the remnant between heat and cold light, darkness purple, grey. But a expiration in the way I was frightened and the way I was happy. I didnt like London at first. I couldnt get used to the cold.25And later upon arriving in England with Hester she describes it as being divided into squares like pocket-handkerchiefs a small tidy look it had, everywhere fenced off from everywhere else 26and then in London where the dark houses all alike frowning down one after another27 Throughout the novel Anna continually experiences feelings of being enclosed. Many of the bedsits are restr icting and box-like. On one occasion she remarks that this damned modes getting smaller and smallerAnd about the rows of houses outside gimcrack, rotten-looking and all exactly alike.28 The many small rooms between which Anna moves emphasize her disempowerment through enclosed spaces. These spaces, in turn, serve as metaphors for the consequences in voyaging into the metropolitan centre. She is at once shut inside these small monotonous rooms and shut out from that world which has sought to colonize her. It is perhaps ironic that the further she moves into the centre of the city, ending up as she does on Bird roadway, just off Oxford Street , the more she is shut out and marginalized by that imperialist society.Her memories of the West Indies are in sharp contrast to her impressions of England. The images of home are always warm, vivid and exotic, persuasion of the walls of the Old Estate House, still standing, with moss on them. That was the tend. One ruined room for roses, one for orchids, one for ferns. And the honeysuckle all along the steep flight of move.29 When comparing the two worlds she remarks to herself that the colours are red, purple, blue , gold, all shades of green. The colours here are black, grey, dim-green, pale blue, the white of peoples faces like woodlice. 30 Her memory of home is experienced sensuously as she recalls the sights and smellsMarket Street smelt of the wind but the narrow street smelt of niggers and wood smoke and salt fishcakes fried in lard and the sound of the black women as they call out, salt fishcakes, all sweet an charmin, all sweet an charmin.31Anna attempts to convey this richness to Jeffries. His failure to appreciate the beauty she describes merely underlines the differences between the two. He expresses a preference for cold places remarking that The tropics would be altogether too lush.32 Jeffriess reaction to the West Indies in fact reflects the colonizers view that the ruined room for roses and orchids po rtray a disorder, a garden of Eden complete with its implications of moral decay and as Bhabha states, a tropical chaos that was deemed despotic and ungovernable and therefore worthy of the civilizing mission.33 Annas association with this world sets her up, in Walters eyes, as a figure representing a secret depravity promising forbidden desires. Anna, like the West Indies is something to be overpowered, enslaved and colonized, where the colonizer seeks to strip their identity and impose their own beliefs and desires.It is significant, therefore, that fol be slightding this scene Anna loses her virginity to Jeffries and recalls the memory of the mulatto slave girl, Maillotte Boyd, aged 18, whose record Anna once found on an old slave list at Constance.34 Like Maillotte Boyd, Anna is now merely a commodity and Jeffries has no intention of ever seeing her as an equal. Her purity, in his eyes isnt worth preserving as he already considers her the contaminated Other. By his actions he su cceeds in maintaining that patriarchal imperialism which relies on institutional forms of racial and national separateness. Anna, as a twentieth century white Creole, is no freer than the nineteenth century mulatto slave. Just as Maillotte Boyd is, as racially mixed, suspended between two races, so Anna as a white Creole is suspended between two cultures, leaving her dislocated.Annas voyage into the imperialist city leads to boundaries and codes of behaviour, language and dress being constantly imposed upon her. She is aware for example of the importance of clothes as a means of controlling her social standing and also her standing as a woman. Through her dress Anna almost becomes that elegant white lady, mimicking Londons female high society. For Jeffries, Anna represents the menace of extravaganza, which , according to Bhabha is a difference which is almost nothing but not quite and which turns to menace- a difference that is keep down but not quite.35 This mimicry serves to em power Anna as it in conclusion destabilises the essentialism of colonialist political orientation, resulting in Jeffries imposing upon Anna the identity of the West Indian Other This in turn leads to feelings of loss, alienation and dislocation, a rejection of being white and a desire to be black. I always wanted to be black.I was happy because Francine was there.Being black is warm and gay, being white is cold and sad.36 Annas association with Hester meant that she hated being white. Being white and getting like Hester, old and sad and everything.37 Yet the warmth she expresses in her memories of Francine are always normalize by her realisation that Francine disliked her because I Anna was white.38 Her feelings of being between cultures and feeling dislocated are never fully resolved. Annas voyage in the dark, reflects Rhyss own sense of exile and marginality as a white West Indian woman. Teresa OConnor remarks that Rhys, herself caught between places, cultures, classes and race s, never able to identify understandably with one or the other, gives the same marginality to her heroines, so that they reflect the unique experience of dislocation of the white Creole woman.39The language used to express feelings of exile and loneliness, destitution and dislocation is both sparse and economic. It is neither decorative nor contrived, devoid of sentiment or without seeking sympathy. In commenting upon an essay written by Rhys discussing gender politics, Gregg writes that It is important to note her Rhyss belief that writing has a subversive potential. Resistancecan be carried out through writing that exposes and opposes the governmental and social arrangements.40 Helen Carr, in her exploration of Rhyss language believes thatRhys in her fictions unpicks and mocks the language by which the powerful keep control, while at the same time shifting, bending, re-inventing ways of using language to open up fresh possibilities of being.41Una Marson, another Caribbean to voya ge into the metropolis, also experienced loneliness, isolation and a struggle with the complexity of identity. Like Rhys, Marson fought with these feelings end-to-end her life, resulting in long periods of depression. Her belief in womens need for pride in their cultural heritage established Marson as the earliest female poet of substance to emerge in West Indian literature.42 She not only challenged received notions of womens place in society but also raised questions about the relationship of the colonized subject to the mother country43 there was a considerable amount of poetry emerging out of the West Indies around this time but most of it was dismissed as being not truly West Indian,44 the reason for this being partly because many of the writers were English but also because many of the styles used by these writers mimicked colonial forms. Many of Marsons early poetry reflects this mimicry showing a reliance upon the Romantics of the English poetic tradition, particularly She lley, Wordsworth and Byron. The metrical composition Spring in England reveals this indebtedness to the Romantics, including as it does a stanza where, having observed the arrival of Spring in London, the poet asksAnd what are daffodils, daffodilsDaffodils that Wordsworth praised?I asked. Wait for Spring,Wait for the Spring, the birds replied.I waited for Spring, and lo they came,A host of shining daffodilsBeside the lake beneath the trees(The Moth p6)45Clearly there are echoes of Wordsworths Daffodils throughout the stanza, reflecting the drive by colonialism through education to eradicate the West Indian selfhood. Yet for Marson this harnessing of English culture not only posed few problems but indeed was, I would argue, a necessary step in her voyage of self discovery. As seen with Rhys, mimicry was a subversive threat to colonial ideology, especially through language. Homi Bhabhas notion of mimicry seeks to explore those ambivalences of such destabilizing colonial and post-colo nial exchanges.The menace of mimicry is its double vision which in disclosing the ambivalence of colonial discourse also disrupts its authority. The ambivalence of colonial authority repeatedly turns from mimicry a difference which is almost nothing but not quite to menace a difference that is almost total but not quite. And in that other scene of colonial power, where history turns to farce and presence to a part can be seen the twin figures of vanity and paranoia that repeat furiously, uncontrollably.46Bhabhas essay in recognising the power, the play and the dynamics between the colonizer and the colonized offers an secondary to the pessimistic view held by V.S. Naipaul who believed that West Indian culture was doomed to mimicry, unable to create anything original. Marsons mimicry of the Romantics could be seen as a preparation to enter the colonizers metropolis, and to attempt to assimilate into the colonizers world. In making that voyage to the metropolis, Una Marson succee ds in taking that step from the copy to the original. By remaining in Jamaica Marson risked remaining in an environment too rigidly ingrained by colonial prescriptions.Una Marsons voyage into the heart of the Empire, however, resulted in intense disappointment. For the first time, Marson experienced open racialism and according to Jarrett-McCauley The truth was that Una dreaded going out because people stared at her, men were curious but their gaze insulted her, even small children with short dimpled legs called her NiggerShe was a black foreigner seen only as strange and unwanted. This was the Fact of Blackness which Fanon was to analyse in Black Skins, White Masks(1952), that inescapable, heightening level of consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes. 47Unlike Rhys, Marson was finding it impossible to blend visually within London. Consciousness of her colour made Marson conscious of her marginality. This consciousness led her seriously to question the values of the mother country. Marsons work moved from mimicry to anti-patriarchal discourse, seen in her poem Politeness where she responds to the William Blake poem teeny-weeny Black Boy withThey tell usThat our skin is blackBut our hearts are whiteWe tell themThat their skin is whiteBut their hearts are black(Tropic Reveries p 44)The poem demonstrates Marsons growing resentment at being alienate by the colonial power. There is an uncertainty in her desire to both belong and to challenge, echoing Rhys in her sense of cultural unbelonging. Those anti-patriarchal feelings are present once more in her poem Nigger where she communicates the anger she feels at being abused and marginalized as the racial Other.They call me NiggerThose little white urchins,They laughed and shoutedAs I passed along the street,They flung it at meNigger Nigger NiggerShe retorts to this abuse furiously withYou who feel that you are sprungOf earths first blood, your eyesAre blinded now with arrogance.With ruthlessness you searedMy peoples flesh and now you stillWould crush their very mindAdd fierce insult to vilest injury.48In its repetition of the shocking term Nigger, Marson is confronting the white colonialists use of the word to exert power over and oppress the colonized. The violence of its use reflects the violence of their shared history where Of those who drove the Negroes / To their death in days of slavery, regard Coloured folk aslow and base.49 In highlighting this history of violence, oppression and slavery, Marson is attempting to invert this oppression and dislodge the notion of white supremacy, whilst attempting to negotiate a position from West Indian to African and in doing so, fashion an identity. By writing the poem in the first person singular and moving from They to You when addressing the white colonizers, Marson succeeds in concentrate herself and reversing the double star system of Self and Other.Nigger marks Marsons sharpened perspective on issues such as racism and id entity. Her voyage into the metropolitan centre triggers those emergent identifications and new social movementsbeingplayed out.50 It was a time in Marsons life where she was made to feel inadequate, lonely and humiliated but it also roused her to resist the corrosive force of her oppressive world.51 Nigger reveals this sense of belonging and not belonging felt by Marson, of being part of the empire but never part of the Motherland, yet it simultaneously challenges the very essentialism in which the colonial Self is rooted.Moreover, the hostility she experiences in many ways acknowledges the achievement of Marsons performance as a hybrid. Marsons frustration and anger was compounded by the fact that in being middle class and educated she possibly saw herself as a notch above the poor, black working class women from the old communities in Cardiff, Liverpool and London52 Marson explores this question of how middle class West Indians negotiate being educated and yet marginalized and e ven considered inferior in her play London Calling. The play, based on the experiences of colonial students in London charts the story of a group of expatriates who, upon being invited to the house of an aristocratic English family, dress up in outlandish native costume and speak in broken English.The play, a comedy, takes a light hearted look at the stereotypical images held by the British, at the same time countering the myth of black inferiority. There is, in the play, a curious twist as the students from Novoko are presented as black versions of the British in their dress and behaviour, mimic men and yet they themselves attempt to mimic their own folk culture. They are eventually discovered by one of the family, Larkspur, who then proposes marriage to Rita, one of the Novokans. The play ends with Rita declining Larkspurs proposal in favour of Alton, another Novokan. This rejection of Larkspur places Rita in a powerful position. Rita is no longer the undesirable Other, she has re sisted the oppressive world of the colonialists and placed herself as the centralised Self. Rita is Marsons fantasy where the black woman is recognised as beautiful and an equal.Marsons activities in the League of Coloured Nations gave her purpose, direction and the opportunity to advance her political education whilst introducing her to the Pan African movement a sort of boomerang from the horrors of slavery and colonialism, to which Una, like many of her generation, was being steadily drawn.53 Marsons work around this time reflects a desire to reclaim and restore that Other cultural tradition, a difficult task as the Caribbean was not an homogeneous delegacy and it was not easy to establish a pre-colonial culture. The ethnic mix was large and hybrid making the notion of Caribbeanness less easy to define. The Pan-African movement provided links with an alternative body to European colonialism and offered Marson a platform to renegotiate and redefine her idea of Caribbeaness and r ace, an option not offered to Rhys. Having established a sense of being a black person in a white imperialist centre, she now needed to make sense of being a black woman within this paternalistic centre.The poem Little Brown Girl attempts just this, constructing a dialogue of sorts between a white Londoner, whose gender is unclear, and a little brown girl. The poem begins with a series of questions put to the childLittle brown girlWhy do you wander aloneAbout the streetsOf the great cityOf London?Why do you start and winceWhen white folk stare at youDont you think they wonderWhy a little brown girlShould roam about their cityTheir white, white city?(The Moth, p11)The questioning of the little brown girls presence in London suggests a linguistic imperialism. It may be construed as the loudspeaker system challenging her right to be in the city, establishing her as the nameless, black Other. Her feeling of difference is emphasized in the repetition of the word white on the final line of the second stanza. The third stanza plays out an interesting reversal in notions of blackness. The speaker asks why she has left the little sunlit land / where we sometimes go / to rest and get brown54 alluding to the desire of white skinned people to tan which for the white colonialist signifies wealth, for the black Other being inferior and uneducated.From here there is a subtle shift of speaker and London is seen through the eyes of the little brown girl. Her perception of the city is distinctly unattractive where There are no laughing faces, / people frown if one really laughs andTheres nothing picturesqueTo be seen in the streets,Nothing but people cladIn Coats, Coats, Coats,(The Moth, p11)If the poem began with the strangeness of the brown girl to the white gaze, here it teases out those feelings of alienation felt by the little brown girl at being in such a cold, drab place, so different from her own home. Once more Marson creates a reversal in the stereotype as she seeks to objectify white people observing that the folks are all white -/ White, white, white, / And they all seem the same.55 In homogenizing the colonizers, the hybridity of the West Indians are then celebrated in the many varied skin tones of black and bronze and brown which are themselves homogenized by the label Black. The vibrancy, colour and friendliness of back home where the folks are Parading the city draining Bright attractive bandanas contrasts with the previous stanza of the dour images of London.The dialogue is handed back to the white speaker who attempts to establish the origins of the little black girl but succeeds in once more re-establishing the homogeneic white gaze indicated in the speakers inability to distinguish between many distinct nations And from whence are youLittle brown girl?I guess Africa, or India,Ah no, from some islandIn the West IndiesBut isnt that IndiaAll the same?(The Moth, p13)More than anything the poem conveys that sense of isolation felt by the little brown girl in the city. She never answers the white speaker directly and is positioned in the middle of the poem, again centralizing the colonized. In asking the question Would you like to be white/Little brown girl? there is a sense of the colonizer attempting to manipulate and dominate the colonized, to Europeanise, ultimately leading to mimicry. Yet the questioner responds himself with I dont think you would / For you toss your head / As though you are proud / To be brown. 56 Marson, here, signals a move away from being a mimic man seeking to challenge that whole Eurocentric paternalistic world and centralise the black women, the most marginalized figure in society.The themes central to Little Brown Girls themes echo Rhyss own negative reactions to London seen in the opening page of Voyage in the Dark. Like Rhys, Marson succeeds in capturing that colour and warmth of the West Indies contrasting greatly with the bereavement of London, experienced by both and which reinforc e that racial and national separateness. Those differences prove for both to be irreconcilable, making it impossible for both Rhys and Marson to integrate, leaving both women dislocated from the metropolis. Little Black Girl serves as a useful reminder that many immigrants were women. This encounter between the city and a woman (in Marsons case, a black woman) echoes Annas encounter in Voyage in the Dark albeit as a prostitute.Both walk the streets of the city and as women-as-walkers encounter the metropolis, negotiating its spaces. Denise deCaires Narian suggests that certainly Marson could be considered as a flaneuse.57 Neither Rhys nor Marson, however have the confident panache of the flaneuse and neither fulfil the requirements of flanerie originally set out by Baudelaire. The flaneur, he asserted, saw the convention as his domain, His passion and his profession is to merge with the crowd.58 The flaneur and therefore the flaneuse is engaged in strolling and looking but most im portantly merging with the crowd. For Marson this is impossible as she is a black woman in a white city.Moreover, Baudelaire expands upon the idea of the flaneur as having the ability to be away from home and yet to feel at home anywhere, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to be unseen of the world.59 Again this is problematic for both Marson and Rhys as their wanderings around the metropolis seek only to reinforce those feelings of separateness, isolation and marginality. For Marson these feelings of alienation gained her the reputation of being a true loner who didnt exactly seek out company60 leading to a heightened level of bodily consciousness which comes from being dissected by white eyes.61In her struggle with being marginalized as a black women always at the mercy of the white metropolitan gaze, Marson was always aware of that Europeanised sense of beauty being white. This idea of beauty was so entrenched, even within the black community that they themselves set beau ty against the paleness of their own skin. The importance of popularly disseminated images is tackled in Cinema Eyes where a black mother in addressing her daughter attempts to challenge the idea that Europeans still provide the aesthetic reference point.62 The speaker urges her eighteen year old daughter to avoid the cinema fearing that it might reinforce the idea that white is beautiful causing the girl to lose sight of her own beautyCome, I will let you goWhen black beautiesAre chosen for the screenThat you may knowYour own sweet beautyAnd not the white turn inlinessOf others for envy.(The Moth, p88)By growing up with a cinema mind the mother has allowed herself to be at the mercy of those tools used by the colonizer to marginalize and indoctrinate, promoting their own superiority. Once again the mimic man re-emerges when black women reject their own in seeking an ideal man. No kinky haired man for me, / No black face, no black children for me.63 This rather melodramatic narrat ive within the poem tells of the mothers fair husband shooting her first suitor whom she had initially rejected for being too dark, and then committing suicide.The shooting scene, a re enactment of a gun fight in a western, presents the cinema as a racist and degenerate institution. By the end of the poem, the speaker acknowledges her mistake in rejecting the first lover and finds a sense of self, previously denied by the saturation of cinematic images. In shaking off the colonizers indoctrination, which seeks to marginalize her, she addresses the question posed by Franz Fanon which is to what extent authentic love will remain unattainable before one has purged oneself of that feeling of inferiority?64 Black invisibility in the cinema results in white ideology being forced upon a black body and essentially commodifying it and it is this which Marson seeks to deconstruct.Another poem which tackles the reconstruction of female identity is Black is Fancy, where the speaker compares her reflection in the mirror with a picture Of a beautiful white lady.65 The mirror serves to reclaim the idea of black as being beautiful and a rediscovery of selfSince Aunt Lisa gave meThis nice looking glassI begin to feel proudOf my own self(The Moth, p75)The speaker eventually removes the picture of the white woman suggesting that black worth and beauty can only really exist in the absence of white colonialism. The poem ends in a mastery of sorts as she declares that John, her lover has rejected the pale skin in favour of His black ivory girl.66Kinky Haired Blues represents Marsons quest for a more effective and authentic poetic voice in its use of African American speech.. The poem explores the rhythms and musical influences found in Harlem and gathering caprice about this time. Kinky Haired Blues like Cinema Eyes and Black is Fancy criticizes the oppressive beauty regime of white colonialism which seeks to disfigure and marginalize the black woman. The poem opens with the spea ker attempting to find a beauty shopGwine find a beauty shopCause I aint a belleGwine find a beauty shopCause I aint a lovely belle.The boys pass me byThey say Is not so swell(The Moth, p91)The speaker seeks to Europeanise her black features in an attempt to make herself more attractive. Male indifference experienced in the metropolis forces the speaker to see herself as an aberration, thrusting her onto the margins of a society which is continually projecting the idea that white is right. The beauty shop contains all the caparison of the colonizers idea of beauty, ironed hair and bleached skin. Yet she is caught between being left to die on de shelf 67 if she doesnt change herself, or eradicating her ethnic features and therefore her inner self if she does. By using blues within the poetry she is able to communicate this misery felt within her, that male perceptions of beauty projected by the colonizers dictate that she must distort her own natural beauty in order to fit in and co nform. The poem highlights the struggle Marson experiences in trying to preserve her selfhood against such oppressive cultural forces.Marson defiantly attempts to stand against this patriarchal order. She proudly announces that I like me black face / And me kinky hair. Inspite of this brave stand Marson eventually succumbs and admits that she is gwine press me hair / And bleach me skin. She, like Rhys can only resist internally to the colonialists ideals imposed on them.As writers voyaging into the metropolis both Rhys and Marson share in their writing a pervasive sense of isolation where, from the location of London, their particular voices and concerns are, at the time, not recognised. Both writers, from this isolated position on the periphery of the centre. explore issues of womanhood, race and identity,. Marsons experiences bring about an acute awareness of her difference and Otherness as a Black woman. Her work is a defiant voice against this marginalisation and isolation. She was, as Jarrett MaCauley claims the first Black feminist to speak out against racism and sexism in Britain.68 She was a pioneer in a growing literary culture which was to become the new postcolonial order.Rhys, by contrast, a white West Indian from Dominica was experiencing a declining white nonage status against a growing black population, itself an isolating factor both at home and within the metropolis. Kenneth Ramchard suggests that the work of white West Indian writers is characterized by a sense of embattlementAdapted from Fanon we might use the phrase terrified consciousness to suggest the White minoritys sensations of shock and disorientation as a smouldering Black population is released into an awareness of power.69It is this terrified consciousness which contributes to the struggle experienced by Anna in Voyage in the Dark . Located simultaneously both inside and outside West Indian socio cultural history, her journey to the mother country seeks only to exacerbate these fe elings of in-betweenness and to suffer feelings of dislocation and alienation.Both writers, therefore, in their voyage into the metropolis endure different kinds of anxieties in their sense of unbelonging to either or both cultural worlds. Both use their writing to speak for the marginal, the hegemonic, the dispossessed, the colonized silenced female voice situated as they were within the cold, oppressive, hierarchical colonial metropolis attempting to impose an oppressive identity upon the exiled women.1 George Lamming The Pleasures of Exile (London Alison, 1960) p152 Palmer Adisa De Language Reflect Dem Ethos in The Winds of veer The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed. By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong Leek. (New York Peter Lang 1998 p23)3 The Winds of Change The Transforming Voices of Caribbean Women Writers and Scholars ed By Adele S. Newson and Linda Strong-Leek. (New York Peter Lang 1998 p6)4 V.S. Naipaul New York Review of Books 1992. Quoted in Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p155 Helen Carr Jean Rhys (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd., 1996) p. xiv6 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The liveliness of Una Marson (Manchester Manchester University Press, 1998) p517 Edward W. Said Representations of the Intellectual (London Vintage 1994) p498 Molly Hite The Other Side of the Story Structures and Strategies of contemporaneous Feminist Narrative Quoted in Joy Castro Jean Rhys in The Review of Contemporary Fiction Vol. 20, 2000. www.highbeam.com/library/doc.3.asp p6.Accessed 1 December 2005.9 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p9210 Elaine Savory Jean Rhys p9311 Gayatri Spivak triple Womens Text and a Critique of Imperialism in Henry Louis Jr. Gates Race, Writing and Difference (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1987) p26912Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark (London Penguin Books 1969)13 Elaine Savoury Jean Rhys (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1998) p 9514 Homi Bhabha Remembering Fanon, forward to Fr anz Fanon s Black Skin, White Masks (London Pluto, 1986) p ix15 Homi Bhabha The Other Question Location of glossiness (London Routledge 1994)p6916 Ibid p6917 Veronica Marie Gregg Jean Rhyss Historical Imagination Reading and Writing the Creole (North Carolina The University of North Carolina Press, 1995) p11518 Sue Thomas The Worlding of Jean Rhys ( Westport Greenwood Press 1999) p10619 Jean Rhys Voyage in the Dark p5320 Ibid21 Paul B. Rich Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1986) p1922 Voyage in the Dark p5623 Ibid p32024 Homi Bhabha DissemInation Time, Narrative and the margins of the Modern Nation The Location of Culture p31925 Voyage in the Dark p726 Ibid p1527 Ibid p1628 Ibid p2629 Ibid p4530 Ibid p4731 Ibid p732 Ibid p4633 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture p31934 Voyage in the Dark p4535 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p8536 Ibid p2737 Ibid p6238 Ibid p6239 Teresa OConnor The Meaning of the West Indian welcome for Jean Rhys (PhD diss ertation, New York University, 1985)cited in Caribbean Woman Writers Essays from the first International Conference. p1940 Taken from Rhyss non fictional analysis of Gender Politics. Veronica Gregg, Jean Rhyss Historical Imagination p4741 Helen Carr Jean Rhys, (Plymouth Northcote House Publishers Ltd, 1996) p 7742 Lloyd W. Brown, West Indian Poetry (London Heineman, 1978) p 3843 Denise deCaires Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry Making style (London Routledge, 2002) p 244 Ibid p445 Una Marson The Moth and the Star, (Kingston, Jamaica Published by the Author, 1937) p2446 Homi Bhabha The Location of Culture, (London Routledge, 1994) pp85-9247 Delia Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson pp 49, 5048 The Routledge Reader in Caribbean Literature ed. Alison Donnell and Sarah Lawson Welsh (London Routledge, 1996) p140-14149 Ibid50 Homi Bhabha Location of Culture p 32051 Jarrett-MaCauley The Life of Una Marson p5152 Ibid p5153 Ibid p5454 Una Marson Little Brown Girl, The Moth and the Sta r. (Jamaica The Gleaner. 1937) p1155 Ibid56 Ibid p1357 deCaires Narain puts forward an interesting link between Marson and Sam Selvons The Lonely Londoners highlighting remote identity in her book Contemporary Caribbean Womens Poetry p 2158 Baudelaire The Painter and the Modern Life cited in Keith Tester The Flaneur (New York Routledge, 1994), p 259 Ibid p360 Jarrett-MaCauley, p5361 Ibid p5062 Laurence A. Brainer An Introduction to West Indian Poetry (Cambridge CUP, 1998), p15463 Una Marson Cinema Eyes The Moth and the Star. (Jamaica The Gleaner.1937) p8764 Franz Fanon Black Skins, White Masks (London Pluto, 1986), p465 Una Marson Black is Fancy The Moth and the Star p7566 Ibid p7667 Una Marson Kinky Hair Blues The Moth and the Star p9168 Jarret MaCauley pvii69 Kenneth Ramchard The West Indian overbold and its Background (London Faber, 1870), p225

Evaluate the usefulness of the documents in the interview pack for a given organisation Essay

Justify actions a patronage might take when experiencing cash course problems? At first ,the owners of byplay need to start a cash flow analysis for current month and the future.The owners should know and find out whats wrong with the company and check which areas result the most money to get out of their company.However, the receivables are always a big problem.Beca affair the owners are busy with their business so that they forget to send the money for a long time . Secondly, they kitty use loan to solve the cash flow problem,they screwing usurp a great deal of money from the bank or other personal organizations, they can just give these organizations little interest per month barely they get a pretty long support for the whole business.They should have their own line of credit, regardless of business or personal ,its exit is similar with the credit cards.The company can have a source of emergency funds in the future as long as it pays long-term attention on building the c redit line , which can solve the cash flow problems as well. Finally, it is important for the business owners to make some changes n opeproportionns ,For example ,the loans can not solve the fundamental problem because this situation is serious.The operator should reduce the time between a transaction and when tempt the money . The business needs to accelerate the speed of sending its produces as well as invoices.In addition to that, the company can use the deductive reasoning to attract the customer to pay early and enforce the punishment for late payment.If the customers pay by cash , then they will have cash dissolve and the point of transactions.Absolutely, the business wont penalize those people who pay by card and credit card. How to prevent the situation for cash flow problemsAs a formal business ,the operator should have a detailed financial book which keep up-to date records on the transaction between business ,customers as well as the suppliers.The company should stop s elling if the customer often gives money late or has an outstanding balance.Evaluate the financial motion and position of a business using dimension analysis? There are Profitability balance which is looking about the gain of the company ,Liquidity ratio is the amount of cash that the business has available to use and Capital structure ratio which is about the shares and loans of the business .By using the ration analysis,company can see theratio in the past few year.This can show the business whether improved or worsen .For example,the gross profit margin in the 2011 is 44.5%,2012 it is 42.1% and 2013 is 40.9%.Compare the gross profit margin ,we can see that the business performance is acquiring worse.As a result business should start to investigate why business performance getting worse. For Gross Profit Mark-up ratio is show in every $100 of cost ,how much was added to arrive at Sales price.The mark up ratio and gross profit margin ratio are reflect to each other.Both of them can show the business current financial performance and position .Also, in that respect is expense in relation to revenue ,if the business revenue increase over time,owner will expect the ratio fall.For example in 2011,it is 21.3% .In 2012 it is 20.5% and 2013 ,it 19.9%. This ratio can show the business financial performance and position is improved.Lower percentage will showing improvement of business.there is current ratio business is willing to reach 21.The business have to make sure it does not increase above 21 as this may not be an efficient use of resources.For the acid test ratio,this ratio can let the business know if he ratio is too low,they will have difficulty meeting pick up from the supplier to make payment .However,if the ratio is too high ,this will cause the business has too much cash or trade receivable.This can reflect the cash flow of the business at the current financial state. The ratio can indicate which sever of business doing well while which part of bus iness are going to face problem .

Ethanol Fuel

Ethanol send awayisethanol(ethyl alcoholic drink). Ethanol, also calledethyl alcohol,pure alcohol,grain alcohol, ordrinking alcohol, is avolatile,flammable, colorless liquid. A mind-expanding drugand one of the oldestrecreational drugsknown, ethyl alcohol produces a state known asalcohol intoxicationwhen consumed. Best known as the type ofalcoholfound inalcoholic beverages, it is also used inthermometers, as asolvent, and as afuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply asalcoholorspirits. he same type ofalcoholfound inalcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a get fuel, mainly as abiofueladditive forgasoline. World ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 zillion to more than 52 billion litres. From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in globular gasoline type fuel use increased from 3. 7% to 5. 4%. In 2011 worldwide ethanol fuel production reached 22. 36 billionU. S. liquid gallons(bg) (84. 6 billion liters), with the United State s as the top producer with 13. bg (52. 6 billion liters), accounting for 62. 2% of global production, followed by Brazil with 5. 6 bg (21. 1 billion liters). Ethanol fuel has a gasoline gallon equivalency (GGE) value of 1. 5 US gallons (5. 7L), which heart 1. 5 gallons of ethanol produce the button of one gallon of gasoline. Ethanol fuel is widely used inBraziland in theUnited States, and in concert both countries were responsible for 87. 1% of the worlds ethanol fuel production in 2011. Most cars on the road today in the U. S. an run onblends of up to 10% ethanol, and ethanol represented 10% of the U. S. gasoline fuel supply in 2011. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the level-headed blend is around25% ethanol and 75% gasoline(E25). By December 2011 Brazil had a fleet of 14. 8 millionflex-fuel automobiles and light trucksand 1. 5 million flex-fuelmotorcyclesthat regularly use neat ethanol fuel (known asE100). Bioethanol is a form ofrenewable energythat can be produced from agriculturalfeedstocks.It can be made from very commoncropssuch assugar cane,potato,maniocandcorn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol will be in substitute gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate toincreased food pricesdue to the large amount of arable land required for crops,as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. Recent developments withcellulosic ethanol production and commercializationmay allay some of these concerns.

Oil and Natural Gas: Its Effects to America and the Global Economy Essay

Oil and natural gas have a very important region in the lives of almost all people in the world. These have been the primary source of capacity that fuels the technological politeness that exists at the present. Its importance could be seen in the everyday lives of most individuals. The moment someone wakes up in the morning and read the newspaper up to the time that same person would sleep in the comforts of his/her home, the utilization of embrocate color products are present. The newspaper is produced out of ink coming from crude oil as well as the printing machine that is operated by the same means of energy.Similarly, oil-operated machineries also create the various infrastructures alike the houses people live in. Further much, even computers, which are widely used immediately in wrong of government services and even in mere personal purposes, are run by electricity coming from natural gas. concord to Pfeiffer, the present civilization is built on oil and that econom ic progress give continue as long as there is a continuous supply of this energy. This is also the reason wherefore the volatile and fluctuating prices of oil and natural gas affect numerous countries as well as its citizens.Its status in the international market has implications in the economies of countries like the United States of America and basically, the whole world. Oil and natural gas that are the backbone of this societys economy has a long history behind it. These sources of energy come from the earths ground as either solids, liquids, or gases. Crude oil or oil colour is liquid source of energy that is considered as a commercial fossil fuel. Natural gas as well as propane comes in gaseous form. Coal, on the other hand is a solid form of energy (Nonrenewable force).These energy sources are formed in the earth millions of years ago when it was still cover by water. Combine remains of animals and tiny plants that are layered together with sand and mud are also present. During the time that the earth underwent drastic changes, intensified amount of heat and pressure were present, which have been the caused for these fossils to turn into hydrocarbons. Basically, what are simple remnants of plants and animals have turned into valuable deposits of crude oil and natural gas in spite of appearance the crust of the earth (Discover the wonders of natural gas).Natural gas is often defined as a combustible, gaseous mixture made up of simple hydrocarbons. It is a very light portion of petroleum that includes both natural gas as well as crude oil. Natural gas often elevation through the surface by means of natural openings in the earths crust or it pile be brought to the surface by unreal wells. Thousand of years ago, it was discovered that this gas could be burned and be utilized for heat and light. At present, natural gas is still one of the safest, efficient, and bulky source of energy in the world (Discover the wonders of natural gasThe importance of oil and natural gas to the worlds economy is very vital, which is why a decline in its resources would mean a devastating crisis which would affect countries not only with the likes of the United States of America but also the whole world. According to the Energy Information Administration and the Department of Commerce and Bureau of Economic Analysis (Pfeiffer), United States was able to acquire its status as a power in the global economy due to the availability of oil, natural gas, and coal.The make up in the energy consumption is directly proportional with the income of the U.S. because the higher the amount of energy consumed, the annual gross domesticated product (GDP) also increases. However, a large amount of the countrys GDP becomes reliant in the consumption of energy. If a decline in energy consumption takes place then this will eventually have an adverse effect in the annual gross domestic product of the country. What is even worst is the idea that the decline of con sumption is suspected to change abruptly rather than gradually. This could lead to the collapsed of the market especially when the investors realized that the lessen in energy resources could not be reversed.The outcome of this situation would entail a crisis that is worse than the Great Depression of 1930s (Pfeiffer). The adverse effect in the lack or limited supply of oil resources is greatly felt during the 1973 Oil Crisis. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that is mostly composed of Arab nations decided to impose an oil embargo in western countries especially in the United States of America. This meet is brought about by the participation of western countries in the Yom Kippur War wherein they back up Israel in this armed counterpoint.Another reason of the embargo is the realization of member countries of the OPEC of the important position they have in the global economy. They started to increase the prices of oil and at the same time decrease its supply. Ba sically, OPEC utilized the oil embargo as both a political tactic as well as a means of empowering themselves. In doing so, they were able to punished the western countries for supplying arms to the Israelis and at the same time realized their potential due to the effects of their action towards other countries (Horton).United States of America experienced an abrupt increase in the prices of petroleum products. The prices quadrupled from a mere 25 cents to almost a dollar inwardly the span of a few months. The country was in complete disarray. A nation that was so accustomed to driving vehicles in their everyday lives was now incapacitated with the high prices of oil. People have to wait for about two to three hours in line just to get their cars fueled. The consumption of oil dropped about twenty percent due to the high prices of oil as well as the efforts of the citizens to conserve money (Horton).The U. S. government did extreme measures in ordinate to conserve oil. The congre ss issued a speed limit of 55mph that reduced fuel consumption and reports of fatalities. Even the practiced of the daylight savings time happened during that period in order to conserve energy. Tax credits were also given to those people who could devised new sources of energy like solar and wind power. Moreover, President Nixon, who was the president during that time, created the Energy Department and made it a part of the cabinet office. Its main purpose is to developed energy policy that could make the U.S. energy independent.The oil companies also cooperated in Nixons call for energy conservation as they voluntarily closed on Sundays and they only cater to their regular customers. They only sell ten gallons of gas or less at a time. Being the case, they believed that these would contribute in making the American citizens thriftier in using petroleum products (Horton). Arab countries especially the members of the OPEC once once more exported oil to western countries. However, t he shipment of petroleum products has inflated prices.One of the crucial effects of the oil crisis is the economic decline the world experienced due the an largeness rate that remained above ten percent as well as the record high unemployment rate. After World War II, economic growth, which was happening worldwide, has been discernable but this was no longer the case due to the oil embargo that took place. According to Horton, at present, the effects of the 1973 oil crisis are still being felt. This can be seen in the practices of most people. Nowadays, fuel-efficient vehicles are more patronized as compared to big cars that are very gas consuming.Most appliances that are used today require less energy consumption as compared before. Furthermore, the exploration of resources and other means of energy also increased in the U. S. The serial publication of armed conflict in the Middle East change the pattern of consumption of oil products. Oil is responsible for approximately one-thi rd of the energy used in the world. The series of wars starting from the Iranian revolution in 1979-1980 up to the Iran-Iraq war in 1980 had caused a drop in the over all consumption of oil in the world.In 1980, 63 million barrels are consumed per day but it decreases into 59 million barrels per day in 1983. However, the consumption of petroleum products in the world has increased ever since with 84 million barrels per day in 2005 (United States authorities accountability Office, p. 9). The United States of America also experience an increase in the consumption of petroleum products since 1983 to 2004, from 1. 65 percent annually to an averaged of 20. 6 million barrels per day in 2005.The country consumes one-quarter of the worlds oil consumption. According to the projections of the Energy Information Agency, U.S. consumption will continue to increase up to 27. 6 million barrels per day by the year 2030 (United States Government Accountability Office, p. 9). The duration of the oi l crisis has also paved the way for a new idea in the international economy in term of fiscal and the oil industry. Dr. Ibrahim Oweiss, a professor of economics at the Georgetown University coined the term petrodollar. This word connotes the money being paid by western countries in exchange for petroleum products that mostly comes from west Asian countries or the Middle East.This took place during the time where there is a significant increase in dollar surpluses. Most countries especially the developing ones are exchanging their commodities for dollars (Washington Affairs). According to the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, the petrodollar poses a new threat in the American economy as well as the worlds. If during the oil crisis of 1973, petroleum products were utilized in order to punish western countries from its participation in the Yom Kippur War.At present, petrodollar could be a viable weapon for Middle Eastern countries to once again affect the economic situation o f the world. This would become possible if an Arab nation would pull out its investiture from New York Banks, which will trigger a tremendous shift in the U. S. economy. However, Dr. Oweiss himself warned that if ever such incident would take place the U. S. government would implement the internationalist Emergency Economic Powers Act, which would freeze the asset instead of allowing it to be removed. The investment of the Middle East in the U. S. is then considered as a form of enceinte hostage.The politics behind the supply and direct for oil could be attributed to the important role that it has in the economy of the world especially in countries like the United States of America. However, petroleum products are considered to be finite resources or non-renewable source of energy. Non-renewable resource like petroleum products are sources of energy that cannot be replenished, regenerated, or re-made in a short span of time. It exist in a particular fixed amount which could be t otally consumed before it could be re-made again by nature (Nonrenewable Energy).The finite or limited source of oil and natural gas has a huge effect on the pattern of supply and demand, which will eventually affect the price for these commodities. The price of oil in the world market determined based upon the balance between the worlds demand and supply. Recently, the production of oil has reach its near capacity because of the continuous increase in demand, which is also the reason why there is an upward pressure in oil prices (United States Government Accountability Office, p. 0). Oil consumption is inversely proportional with oil prices. Higher oil prices caused consumers to reduce their oil consumption. Increases in crude oil are also reflected in other petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, home heating oil, as well as petrochemicals. Consumers adaptability to the increase in oil prices is greatly dependent on the cost of changing their activities and shifting their lifest yle in order for them to utilized less oil.In connection with that, consumers are believed to have more options in adapting to the high prices of oil in the long term rather than in the short-term situation. Reducing the amount of oil consumed in the short terms would be possible by merely driving less or more slowly as compared to the long term solution wherein people could real purchase a more fuel-efficient vehicle or moved closer to work so that their consumption of oil would be reduced (United States Government Accountability Office, p. 11).

Current English Law Essay

In relation to involuntary manslaughter what criticisms can be made of the authorized virtue. At present in English legal system at that place are two homicide offences murder and manslaughter. For the most serious, murder proof of an intention to defeat or incur serious impose on _or_ oppress is needed for a successful conviction. If a partial defence is used in circumstances, such as botheration or diminished responsibility, then the offence is one of voluntary manslaughter. However, if someone kills but did not intend to cause closing or serious harm but there was a death then they are liable to be convicted of involuntary manslaughter.There are numerous criticisms attached to Involuntary manslaughter as it covers a wide range of behaviour which can cause death, although one of the most prosecuted common law offences it is not yet become subject to some(prenominal) statutory definition or change and is in need of reform. Although Involuntary manslaughter is split up into two offences Gross negligence manslaughter and constructive/ vicious manslaughter a general criticism of involuntary manslaughter is that there are two major problems with the wide range of conduct covered by the offence.The offences range from cases which just conciliate short of murder where the accused was aware there was a risk of death or serious harm but did not intend to cause either to the victim (R v Wacker), cases where the person is a experienced professional who makes a small but serious mistake resulting in death ( R v Adomako) and cases whereby a minor assault can end in death (R v Mitchell).This leads to problems in sentencing and labelling, including the fundamental problem that legion(predicate) cases currently amounting to unlawful act manslaughter involve only minor fault on the part of the defendant, and therefore should not be described as manslaughter at all. The law relegation have also determine a problem specific to constructive manslaughter the stated i t is wrong for a defendant to be liable for a death which he did not intend or foresee, and which would not even have been foreseeable by a reasonable person observing his conduct.It is a gigantic problem as it only requires a foreseeable risk of causing some harm not death a proposal for reform is that there should be the abolition of constructive manslaughter this would not allow defendants to escape liability as they would be liable for the newly proposed offence of Reckless Killing. They also identified problems specific to gross negligence manslaughter. Gross negligence manslaughter depends on the defendant owing a trading of care to the victim and the seriousness of the breach of that duty A person can be liable for omissions as well as acts.In the case of Adomako it mixes the civil concepts of negligence and duty of care with that of woeful liability, creating uncertainty amongst cases as the gross negligence offence is based around a duty of care not civil matters. There are many inconstancies as The test in Adomako is circular the jury is to convict the defendant of a crime if they believe the conduct was criminal. This leaves a question of law to be decided by the jury who do not give reasons for their decisions or need to. The use of subjective recklessness manslaughter is also stated to be unneeded since Adomako.

Effectiveness of Advertisement based on Consumers Attitudes

The success of a business does not rely only on the quality of products or services that the company offers to the market.Even though the company provides the best product or service that the customer may avail, the success of the marketers will still be found on how the company executes their marketing schemes. Apparently, the strategic plans do not refer merely to the supply chain management and marketing mix.The marketers need to consider the feasible impact of the products, advertisements, and competitors in penetrating the market. Since the marketplace is a wide area where the marketers, customers, and even competitors meet, it is necessary for the marketers to understand the important factors that may help the product to dwell and grow in the market.Consumers AttitudeThere are many reasons why people barter for the products in the market. Basically, they buy products because those are part of their needs while some purchase the products for luxury alone. Regardless of the reasons of the consumers in buying the product, the target of the marketers is always to create awareness and sell the products to the target markets.The marketers should always remember that people buy a certain product to satisfy the needs which could be another complicated term for the company who would like to penetrate the market. There are three factors that may affect the behavior of the consumers in buying the product, the internal, the external, and the marketing.Internal factors refer to the knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of the consumers toward the product, personality and lifestyle of the buyer, and roles and involvement of the customers to the purchase. On the other hand, the external factors include the culture, situation, and groups where the consumers belong. Lastly, the marketing mix overly plays very important part in the decision making of the customers. The last factor refers to the quality of product and service, affordability of price, and effectiveness of the promotion to the target market.One of the most intriguing parts of being a marketer is understanding the reasons of the consumers in preferring and buying the product in the store shelf. Consumer behavior refers to the disposal or use of the products and the guide of how these products are purchased. Consumers purchase a certain product because of many factors which should be taken into consideration.The knowledge and strong understanding about the factors that affect the decision making of the consumers would help the marketers to reach the anticipated level of success. Apparently, the factors that affect the consumers are extremely complex making the marketers think of new concepts in order to persuade varied kinds of people in different locations to buy only one brand of product in the market.The psychological influences in consumers behavior can easily be recognized however, the activities that should be done by the marketers sometimes lack the ability to persuade the customers to purchase the product. Motivation is the psychological concept that could help the marketers to improve the plan for developing and promoting the product in the marketplace.