Court Report Essay Example for Free

Court Report EssayThe basic division in the structure of fell courts is among the trim back illegal courts the local courts, Childrens court and Coroners court and the high twist courts the regulate Court and the Supreme Court. In observing minutes at the Local, District and Supreme Courts over a period of three days a number of aspects of the criminal justice system were made apparent. The governing body, processes and practices of the criminal trial are extremely varied dependent upon the level of criminal court being notice. The distinctions between the workings of the cardinal courts revealed a number of the differences between summary proceedings and trial upon indictment. The cases discovered served to provide grounds for the two tiers of justice argument. Also the role of the judiciary was perceived as being peculiarly elicit especially the high level of discretion that they held in the Local Courts and even to an extent in the District Court primarily when there was no gore act.McBarnets discussion of the criminal court system focuses around the idea that the higher courts such as the District and the Supreme courts are for ordinary consumption in which the ideology of justice is played up by the more elaborate court rooms, dress, and rigid rules of ceremony. On the other hand the get off courts focus on control. The local courts handle the vast bulk of cases with only a small proportion of criminal cases coming before the higher courts. For lawsuit the National division of cases between the lower and higher courts in 2003-2004 were 97% finalised in the lower courts while only 3% were heard in higher courts.Lower criminal courts Absence of legality In arriving at the local courts, the waiting room was full of people who had been summoned to appear for their hearing. It was noisy and extremely busy. In observing the waiting room it was obvious that people were restless and were anxious to have their case heard. The majority of cases were listed to start by 10am and thus depending on the amphetamine of the trial process many people may have had to wait hours before their case could begin. There are no estimates of how long each issuance will take and not even an attempt to make a general time allocation.Mack and Anleu also further illustrate this concept. They said that old objective is time management and getting through the list for that day. In general, the whole process in the local courts was a lot less bollock than was expected with several of the magistrates even stopping proceedings to explain the facts of the case to the law students. Although Pat Carlen in her study of Magistrates Courts in England and Scotland described the court as a very formal and ritualistic social setting this is somewhat surprisingly not what was observed during Local Court visits.The court observations were more in line with those of McBarnet in that the lower courts did not uphold the strictures of due process and the ideology of justice. In one particular committal hearing that was observed in the Local Court, R v Sean Robert Kerr, the atmosphere was relaxed and the magistrate and the prosecutor were in constant discussion about the facts of the case and the admissibility of curtilage. The accuse was alleged to have carrying knife in public place. This downplaying of the crimes to less serious charges supports the emphasis on efficiency that underlines McBarnets analysis.Each time the prosecutor made a claim the magistrate would ask where the evidence came from. The magistrate was concerned with the nature of the evidence as they are required to determine whether there is enough evidence to commit the accused for trial as describe under s 62 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986. It became obvious that they were short staffed and without a court clerk when the magistrate held no objection to the prosecutor coming the bench to submit evidence. This case provides evidence for the process of t he committal hearing and demonstrating judicial discretion in deciding whether the case should go to trial.Other cases that were observed through court visits further accentuated the nature of the judicial process in the Local Courts. The summary proceedings served in a number of cases to emphasise the triviality of the process. Cases involving minor offences such as traffic offences and petty theft were particularly trivial however other cases such as domestic military unit and minor assault charges were not so inconsequential. They were of particular importance to the parties involved and it is thus definitive not to overgeneralise the process of the lower courts to being incorrupt triviality.Whilst in the local courts there was an emphasis on speed and efficiency, this did not automatically mean that strict legality was disregarded. The importance placed on evidence and onus on the prosecutors in providing proof upheld important divisors of the criminal justice system. Highe r criminal court Ideology of Justice On observing the District Court a number of distinctions from the Local Courts were immediately made apparent. Without going in to detail about the actual structure of the courts, they seemed to fit more well with the traditional schema of a typical courtroom.In particular the larger courtrooms with more facilities combined with the barristers and magistrates wearing their wig and robes seemed to instantly uphold the ideology of justice. It is interesting to note how appearances can automatically provide an impression that justice will be upheld. The defendants were observed to be sitting in the dock with the corrective go officer sitting by the side. This is in contrast to the local courts where the defendant usually sat near their legal representative. An interesting comparison can be made between the roles of the judge in cases where there was a jury present and where there was not.Trial by jury is seen as an essential element of our crimin al justice system. Juries are seen as a symbol of democracy and guarantee of fairness in a criminal trial however it is important to note that the majority of criminal trials are dealt with in the lower courts where juries are not available. Therefore by this simple fact the higher courts are upholding the two tiers analysis as they have the advantage of the jury trial, an essential element in the ideology of justice. In R v Veronica Salas Collard the jury was observed to be composed of eight men and four women of different ages and races.This supports the view that a groups ability to be impartial is best achieved by ensuring diversity rather than uniformity. The role of the judge in jury trials was greatly diminished with the jury having sole responsibility in deciding the facts of the case and whether the accused is guilty or not guilty. The role of the jury to hear evidence was observed in the District Court. While observing R v Jessica Nguyen the jury had been adjourned and the n returned to re watch sections of the police interview tape with the defendant. The Judge then proceeded to ask them if there was any more evidence that they wished to be reviewed. similarly in R v Danny Price every time a new piece of evidence was submitted to the judge it was also submitted to the jury. In particular during proceedings on the day observed a number of photographs and diagrams were submitted to the jury. The judge asked the jury if the evidence was clear. The jury is thus seen as a vital element of the criminal trial. A number of bail and appeal hearings were also observed. These were particularly interesting as it again demonstrated judicial discretion. As opposed to when the jury was present the judge again had sole discretion in determining whether bail or the appeal should be allowed.Section 26 of the Bail Act 1978 outlines the forefinger of the district court to grant bail. In R v Steven Astill the defendant was accused of fraud and was granted bail with cond itions that he was to report weekly to his local police station on a weekly base. The power of the judiciary to determine proceedings was once again observed. There is however legislature in place which guides the courts to achieve consistency in sentencing. In general however judicial discretion may be seen as not upholding strict legality, the administration and practices of the district court criminal trial were much more in line with the ideology of justice.Thus in observing proceedings over a period of three days a number of aspects of the criminal justice system were made apparent. In particular the distinctions between the lower and higher criminal courts and the extent to which they could be seen to uphold McBarnets two tiers analysis. From observation the lower courts did focus on more trivial matters and through their general nature emphasised efficiency. Furthermore the higher court perpetuated the ideology of justice through its very nature of upholding the traditional view of the court process.

A mom before the Prom Essay Example for Free

A mom before the Prom EssayTeen pregnancy has been gravelly enlarged in the wear few years. Bad media influences (Many programs at TV programs or sexual content movies as well as other mediums) sack up be the factors that young girls forthwith are getting a wrong advice that teen motherhood can a common way to anticipate.Partners and friendss bad influence is making them envisage that is right to have sex at a young age and will make them feel more than popular. In that regards, this essay by Cristina paginate is restating the let on that more forms of bad media and wrong peoples influences are available today than ever before and consequently teens girls are much more exposed to a lot of information and these sometimes switch teen girls mind to do something wrong when they think is totally shape and it also has made teen girls to believe that having clawren at a young age might be beneficial because they think giving a child for adoption might improve their fortune givi ng them away for millions of dollars , so it cant ruin her adolescence too but in reality it can really affect them. Personally I can share the view of the author in this essay Teen pregnancy is in reality iodine of the most difficult experiences a teen girl might ever face when that can interrupt her education or other plans such as getting a better career or maintain fathers with them, but most of the time it doesnt work and thats when the situation gets worse.Children usually fetch without a father figure when their parents have them at a very young age or sometimes they dont even live with both parents because they cant take care of them or support them economically. So when this children start to live without a parental guide , they grow adopting a bad behavior and getting the wrong advices from other bad people and turned into criminals , stealers, or other people of bad reputation because they live in a poor ambient without having a parent who can guide and help them to raise their levels of education. Most of the time, when teen moms decide to have a baby, teen girls dont really take care of their babies when they are still formatting inside their body as old mothers and because of their immaturity, sometimes they dont realize the huge damage they cause to their babies if they start smoking and drinking or working so hard because now they need to support themselves economically carrying heavy stuff when they have to rest the most during their pregnancy.Children are tending to natural prematurely, with a disease, a mental retardation or even born death. Usually we think that theres not any difference of acquiring the same standards of education or a good life when a kids parents are so young and the others parent are more mature. The children of teen parents can suffer more of contumely at home and at school or disregard from their parents and grow more with farness or adopt a bad behavior, so that implies that they could not do so well at scho ol, they could get lower grades and repeat their classes or drop out from High School without completing their education.This might increase the raise of poverty in families with young parents too and this leads society into decreasing its economy too. I really enjoyed reading this essay because it deals with a controversial issue and restates the causes of why teen pregnancy is becoming a worldwide problem, it must be thought in class so we can share our avouch viewpoints about it. 10-) I encourage people to consider more this issue because if we want a better life for our

Naturalistic Observation Research Results

Naturalistic nonice Research ResultsObservation is categorised as one of the core skills of user research. Naturalistic Observation is a research method that involves observing the effects in their natural environment without intruding or changing it in any charge. The observer is required to guardedly watch the natur e realy occurring behavior without letting the subjects know that they argon being observed. This type of research is advantageous primarily because it permits the researcher to directly observe the subject in a natural setting. It allows the researcher/observer to study aspects that cannot be opusipulated in a laboratory due to ethical concerns. It also serves the purpose of accompaniment the external validity of the research as the findings that are observed are occurring in the natural environment.Study 1Date 19th July, 2014. Day of the week Saturday. Time 1100 A.M. 1200 P.M. (morning) and 600 P.M. 700 P.M. (evening). Location Caf Coffee Day, C G S Chamber , Ground Floor, Nagarjuna Hills, advance Road Number 1, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034. Near GVK One. Duration of expression each session was of an hour each (60 minutes). Collectively, deuce hours (120 minutes) of observation.Not so important, yet Observer Prakriti Dasgupta.Background I did two sessions of observation of both an hour each and on the same day at Caf Coffee Day, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad. The first at 1100 A.M. 1200 P.M. in the morning and the secondment one at 600P.M. 700P.M.in the evening. The whole purpose of carrying out two sets of observation was solely based the concept of finding out whether at that place is a difference in the crowd and the right smart they be develop when they visit the Caf in the late hours of the morning in contrast to those that visit the Caf in the evening.Layout of the Caf The Caf be open for the most expose of the day as comfortably as night. It is located in one of the busiest streets in the city and therefore caters to a enlarged variety of customers ranging from early morning office goers to college students. It can be identified as a hang-out spot for a group of friends or just a place where lonely soles sit down with a cup of coffee and a book, spending their time the way they desire.Within the first fifteen minutes, I observed different kinds of customer behaviour patterns. The first session consisted of good deal who were present at the Caf to attend an official meeting with their accomplice office co-workers presumably over breakfast, while there were others who were resting which I assume is due to the hectic night shifts at their workplace. This is more(prenominal) or less confirmed by the way they were dressed and the tired look on their faces.Stages of observationSystematic observation of the CustomersEntry of the customersAbiding by the brotherly norm of standing in a alinePurchaseThe wait after the purchase is doFinding s flows preferablyBetween 1100 A.M. 1200 P.M.Entry of the cu stomers With due obligingness to the fact that every individual is different and behaves differently, we can categorise them into those which are in great hurry and those which have plenty of time in their hand. On entering the Caf, some of them directly stood in the queue up, without wasting a unmarried moment to even look around, while there were some who directly grabbed diet from the compartments and then stood in the queue. Ignoring the ones that were in a hurry, when we shift our attention to the ones which arent, we find them to be looking around, with calm expression on their faces. They look exchangeable the ones who do not have to meet any deadlines. thither were also a small group of girls who had friends waiting for them. They were carrying school bags and were dressed in casuals which indicates that they were college students.While in a queue There was no interaction between the people who were standing in the queue. They kept themselves busy by looking at their ph ones and listening to music. Some accompanied calls while one bird kept justifying over the phone as to why she was late and wasnt at her workplace yet. deuce men and one woman took out their wallets and purse respectively. The group of young girls kept giggling and laughing about a certain boy whom they find perpetrateive, cover in college.At this point, at around 1133 A.M. a well dressed woman (L 1) knockes into the Caf and tries to persuade a slightly older man, forrader in the queue if he would allow her to make her purchase before he did. She justified her request by saying that she was late for work and had two kids waiting in the car and they had to be dropped to school. The man, seemed to be in two minds which I assumed, owing to his facial expression but however was change overd and allowed the doll to stand in the queue before him. At this point, other woman (L 2) who had been waiting in the queue for the past 15 minutes, raises her voice to object and asks the w ench (L 1) to go back and stand in the queue. Clearly she (L 2) was late for work as well. As soon as she (L 2) objected, all the others standing in the queue begin to support her. This was followed by several other verbal objections from other people standing in the queue. Some of them even exchanged dirty looks. A small argument took place among them where the lady with the kids (L 1) used her kids as bait and the other (L 2) asked her not to use her children as an excuse for violating certain social norms. ultimately the lady (L 1) was forcefully ejected from the line. Having no choice, she went and stood right at the end of the queue and awaited her turn.Purchase Most of the customers carried a bag with them and not a single customer was standing in the queue without a phone in their hand. This reflects how man is unable to move around without technology. It has make a necessity more than luxury. One important thing that I noticed was that none of them took a look at the menu card or what the cafe served which indicated that they were regular customers at the cafe and they were aware of what was available. However, there were four young boys who were seated at one corner of the cafe, intently looking at the menu and discussing what each of them would same(p) to have. Most of the people in the cafe took the coffee and sandwiches they purchased and ran out of the cafe while only a few sat at the cafe and had their food. There was this little girl with her mother who looked at the cupcakes on the counter and then very carefully and reared one for herself.The wait Most people crowd around the counter, awaiting the food that they had just ordered with numbered bills in their hands. They were restless and impatient. They kept taking a glance at their watch in a grass manner. The group of college girls kept enquiring for their order every five minutes and they ultimately managed to annoy the manager seated at the counter. Most of them opened their bags and wallets and kept the trim change they had inside it. Along with that they either kept their phones in their pockets of inside their bag. Since, almost all of them had ordered a cup of coffee irrespective of whether they had purchased anything else to eat with their hot beverage or not, it was seen that they took the coffee with their right hand and simultaneously picked up a lid and a straw with their left. These were the ones that were in a rush and as they ran out of the cafe as soon as they received their order. The ones that were eating in the cafe carefully carried the tray to their seats making an effort not to spill the coffee.Finding preferable seats It was observed that if people did not get the seats of their choice they simply stepped out of the cafe. Nobody waited for the seats to become empty. This indicated that there were other choices available outside as well from where they could acquire food. There was a group of five men, who entered the cafe at around 1147 A.M. who left as soon as they failed to find a completely empty table. This also indicates the fact that people are not put in to sit with other unknown people even when one or two seats were empty in the other occupied tables.Difference in the Type of customers that visited the caf from 1100A.M. 1200P.M. in the morning and those who visited the caf in the evening from 600P.PM. 700P.M. It is important to note that the crowd that the cafe catered to, at the bakshis office hours was different from that they catered to in the evenings. In the evenings, the people who visited the cafe were in the main the young crowd consisting of teenagers in contrast to the office goers in the morning. The cafe catered mostly to single customers in the morning who stop by the cafe to pick up their breakfast but, in the evenings most of the people are in groups who are sitting and talking about different insignificant things that bother them, sipping their piping hot coffees, biting into their sandwi ches and partially gossiping. The environment is relaxed and nobody seems to be in a hurry. The manager at the counter also seems to be settling the accounts in peace and there is no time crunch and deadlines that need to be met.Observations and interpretationsThe lady objected and stopped the other lady from bound the queue. As soon as she opposed to it, there were other people in the queue who supported her. rape of social norms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cutting into queues is not an appropriate thing to do and is not acceptable by the crowd as such. Perhaps jumping queues would have been an easier thing to do in the evenings when the crowd is more or less understanding and easy going. Early research indicates that people were reluctant to take exception queue jumpers which basically suggests that our spontaneous social order maintenance is weak. Milgrams experiment also concludes that in only 10% of the occasions queue jumpers were physically ejected from the line. On a bout half of the occasion people hardly cared to react or take an initiative to stop it. Milgram attempts to explain that most people are too scared to intervene or challenge a queue jumper because challenging queue jumpers could mean losing your own place in the line. There is chance that a fight may take place and everyone is delayed while it is being sorted out. This reflects on the idea that social systems have to tolerate some deviance otherwise they superpower hastily collapse. Moreover, when people stand in a queue, in a coffee shop, group arrangement is difficult and as a consequence of which social order is extremely weak. pile tolerate queue jumpers as they themselves want to avoid social disorder.People left the coffee shop when they did not find a completely empty table because people do not like to sit and make out the table with complete strangers.Some of the people took out their wallets as soon as the stepped in to the coffee shop which indicates three things th ey might be in a hurry or they are running late for some important work, or they are extremely hungry or they prefer to be prepared before they start on doing anything, in this case, standing in the queue.People are very impatient and restless and they do not like waiting. Women are more impatient than men are. Men have a tendency to wait quietly. Although, men remain quiet, their faces give away their restlessness. In kickinginess of that their patience level is higher than that of women. This aspect however, does not fit into the stereotype which says that women are more patient than men.Young girls are attention seeking, therefore, they try and attract attention towards themselves by their gestures and the way they speak to one another. They make use of inappropriate words to even greet each other, for example Hi bitch. The word bitch is being casually used in this context and is not meant literally. The use of crass language among the girls and the boys of this generation is b asically an attempt on their part to appear cool and popular among their peers. Also, they cannot stay without taking a glance at their cell phones every now and then.These assumptions and generalizations are purely made on the cornerstone of this particular observation. They differ in every case.Study 2Date 19th July, 2014. Day of the week Saturday. Time 300 P.M. 400 P.M. Location Lamakaan, an open cultural space. In Lane Adjacent To CBay, Opposite GVK One, Road No. 1, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034. Duration of observation 2 hours (120 Minutes)Background I attended a raillery, on whether the education system kills creativity or not. The discussion was held at Lamakaan. Being an observer I was restricted to participate in the discussion actively. Several eminent educators, mentors, school/college professors and industrialists from different sectors were present, who were willing to share their views and opinions on the matter that had been raised for discussion. Ther e were 36 people who attended the discussion.Observation and interpretations The good event was well organised and effectively carried out by Man1. The discussion proceeded in an orderly manner. Before the discussion began, there was a session where all the people present for the discussion had to introduce themselves. This session was overlooked by Man1 himself. This was the first instance of interaction between the participants present. This session was characterised by appreciation for fellow participants, to a certain extent only. Man1 exhibited leadership qualities. His characteristics were those of a democratic leader. He did not restrict the participants in anyway. The discussion was more or less cosy in nature. Although the discussion started on a calm and controlled tone, the environment in the room soon changed. A series of heated arguments, fast-growing(a) gestures, difference in opinions and eventually conformity among all the participants is how the discussion can be described.I observed different social behaviour throughout the course of the discussion. In order to simplify the task of observing, I named a few fellow participants who were actively taking part in the discussion. Members Man2, Man3, Lady1, Lady2, Lady3, Girl1, Girl2.To be noted all the members taking part in the discussion were well read and were aware of the current scenario prevailing in the education sector and the impact of the flawed system.Man2 was an influential speaker. He managed to convince all the people in the room by stating relevant facts, but failed to convince Lady1. His justification for the statements he had made, did not appeal to her. She constantly scrutinised his argument. twain were aggressive in nature and constantly argued throughout the discussion. In due course of the argument, Man3 who was intently noting down every statement, interrupted the argument and spoke up in support of the lady1. The only interpretation that can be derived by this is that, la dy1 was successful in convincing, if not all, but one participant. Her argument, therefore could not be dismissed. At this point, Man1 intervenes and tries to control the seat. He was still calm, composed and confident and held on to his composure in spite of the chaotic scenario and considered the perspectives of both Man2 and Lady1. He takes the midway path and succeeds in convincing both the participants. He states valid facts and speaks logically. When the situation appeared to be more or less controlled, it still wasnt. Followed by this when lady2 makes a statement, she is opposed by Girl1 and Girl2. Both of them are students and they continue to argue with Lady2 in an aggressive tone. All this while, there was a small detail that I had forgot to mention. The participants were already sitting with people whom they already knew from before. Only the 5 participants who came alone for the discussion sat beside other fellow participants who they did not know. They were in groups t hroughout the discussion. People were talking among themselves, arguing, and there was complete topsy-turvyness in the room at one point. People spoke out of chance, raised their voices in an attempt to put their views across. This is when Lady3 takes control of the situation. She makes her statement on another aspect and states her facts out loud thereby, shifting the focus of the argument to another concept related to the same topic. She was extremely persuasive and gave just reasons to the participants to agree with her. It was very interesting to observe how she was single handily successful in putting her ideas across. When lady3 entered the discussion, she exhibited all qualities of an influential soul. She was confident, consistent, and had unbiased views. Minority influence refers to a form of social influence where the individual with contrastingly different beliefs in comparison to the other people, should have correct ideas and should resist social pressure and abuse. H er views were influential and convincing to such an extent that other people who were confused and were in two minds, along with the ones who had strong contrasting opinions conformed to Lady3. Conformity refers to any change in behaviour that is caused by another person or a group of people i.e. Lady3 has acted in a certain manner which had influenced the others to conform to her statement. But there was one such boy who took an active part in the discussion but, was hesitant to accept the ideas put forth by Lady3. In due time, he as well conformed to her. Conformity was studied by Solomon Asch, who conducted an experiment which concluded that it was primarily social pressure from perhaps a majority group that could affect a person to conform. In this case, it was primarily informational conformity as Lady3 stated accurate, and rational facts and figures to prove her idea and statement. It is basically the power of the situation that regulates and influences all human behaviour. It is the power of the situation that brought about instances of social influence and conformity.I observed that people belonging to the same age groups thought alike. Their opinions and views converged and they behaved in a similar manner. They had similar patterns of persuasion and interpreting the situation. They reacted to certain situations in similar ways as well. This is possibly because all of them have grown up experiencing the same dynamic changes in the society. Also, this might reflect similar bringing up patterns.In course of the discussion I attained an in-depth insight on the different social behavioural patterns which man tends to exhibit depending on the prevailing scenario.Acknowledging the advantages of Naturalistic Observation, this research technique also has quite a number of disadvantages that we cannot ignore. In this kind of research technique, people may behave differently if they come to know that they are being watched. They become conscious and may try to behave in a certain way in order to conform to what they believe the observer expects to see. One major drawback of this research method is that different observers may draw different conclusions on the basis of their observation of the same witnessed behaviour, owing to their ability to make accurate assumptions which is again a rare scenario in most of the cases. However, observing different human behaviour patterns closely and then drawing meanings out of them poses as a challenge to all those researchers who carry out experiments on the basis of this research technique.The end.Tata Institute of hearty Sciences. Name Prakriti Dasgupta. Roll No. H2013BAMA28. Subject Social Psychology. BA 2nd Year, Semester III.1

Urban Structure in Modern Society

urban Structure in Modern SocietyHow Should a Modern, Globalized Society Adapt Its Urban Structure? A Comparison of Four TextsGlobalization, much like the Industrial Revolution that propelled Europe and North America to the forefront of the global economic stage, has forced the redevelopment and giving medication of urban hubs. Some, like Moulaert and Waley, support government-led initiatives addressing the problem of the economic disparities among social classes caused by the redefinition of labor securities industrys. Others, including Logan and Swanstrom, argue against centrally-planned economies and markets, positing that cities should not work outside the boundaries of their national context. Scholars like Haila, on the other hand, present a married political ideology combining the cardinal, arguing that while differences in cities may exist, legitimate estate and private enthronement is the common link binding all global cities.With globalization overtaking the norms of fa miliar market economies, contemporary urban hubs face persistent high levels of unemployment, deficit of job opportunities, homelessness, deteriorating housing and living conditions, widening income gaps, and social violence these problems have become an integral part of the new urban context, regardless of prevailing dynamics of economic ontogenesis or decline1. Consequently, Moulaert and his contemporaries suggest government-mandated interventions are necessary, including the coerced transformation of labor markets. According to Moulaert, the transformation of employment is, doubtless, the key axis of urban socio-economic restructuring and the primary operator shaping increase inequality and social fragmentation in cities2. Logan and Swanstrom concur, but question the extent to which the government ought to be able to inject in the restructuring of society. They question what form these interventions should take, as reform in the East is a synonym for raising prices, reducing some types of consumption, and accepting structural unemployment the Communist-type also-ran of urban restructuring (and central planning) is therefore representative of a political and economic event, avoidable through the careful, monitored endorsement of free market economies3. Waley, like Moulaert and his contemporaries, supports a stop of government intervention in urban restructuring and cites the Japanese post-war example. Waley suggests Japans success in urban restructuring can be attributed to reorganizing urban space in pursuit of economic ontogeny, which entailed national relaxation of zoning, disposal of public land, and measures advantageous to private landowners vis--vis the strategies outlined by Haila which will be examined later4. The government, Waley argues, is the greatest facilitator of economic issue through its power to enact policies contrary to the Communist model, however, Waleys proposition is one of incentive to the private sector.Logan and Swanstrom directly oppose governmental intervention back up by Moulaert and (to a degree) Waley, specifying that policy cures and the measure of urban restructuring in an ailing economy are better prescribed at the national level the two stress that cities cannot be abstracted from their national context5. Logan and Swanstroms position endorse Waleys admonitions to avoid the dangers of a simplistic cultural-determinist response to the necessity of urban restructuring6. On the other hand, Moulaert concedes the fallibility of his model, surmising that government intervention can be detrimental to a point as federal programs are a de occurrenceo means of increasing the concentration of deprivation in particular urban areas and neighborhoods, reproducing the formation of excluded communities, reproduced by the very initiatives that purportedly aim at eradicating them7. Haila echoes the power of public perception, claiming that the aforementioned factor drives the model of private real estate-p owered economies. Pointing out the paradigm shift of Japanese investment in Los Angeles from the 1980s to the 1990s, Haila notes that urban development can be catalyzed or snuffed by a change in public perception after all, in the 1980s, Los Angeles was a city favored by Japanese investors, but the 1992 accelerate riots changed this situation, as a property market where an asset can be demolished in one night is not a good market8. While Haila does not prescribe uniformity in the application of economic and urban restructuring, she endorses the facet that all cities which aim to restructure themselves into global cities have real estate in common, echoing Waleys sentiments regarding Japanese investment in Los Angeles. Private land ownership lends to the environment necessary for economic rehabilitation per globalization. Cities in that affect cities the price falls and gains from one city inevitably affect another9.While Logan and Swanstrom support the contention that restructuring carries significant social and political institutions in its wake10, their views are most applicable to the current global economy due to their calls for uniformity and consistence on a national level. Tied to Hailas theory of inter-dependent cities, Logan and Swanstroms model prevents the cannibalization of intra-national markets. Moreover, Logan and Swanstrom advocate a laissez-faire attitude within the confines of a national agenda, therein tempering the so-called free market. Moulaerts humor that global restructuring entails urban development projects, his advocacy for government intervention, finds fault along the lines of market restriction. The workings of bureaucracy prevent the intervention of the individuals Haila perceives as vital to the growth of an economy through land ownership. Though they can be tempered by applicant law and a statute, truncating the involvement of the private sector limits growth and future adaptations to a globalizing world economy where punctua lity can mean the difference between prosperity and recession. Waley may concede restructured Tokyos contrariety between the living conditions of the poor and the profit expansions of business corporations, but in his assertions he glosses over the states possible use of higher tax income revenues to revive the lower classes, thus leaving the question of self-propagating poverty and economic stagnation unanswered11. Perhaps most important to note is the necessity of policy fluidness in the degree of laissez-faire economics and governmental intervention. While all four works prescribed a degree of flexibility, none presented the simple fact that globalization, as a new world market and concept, cannot be approached using a template or a macroeconomic stencil of some sort. allowance in the urban sector, like all forms of adaptation, cannot be expected to work within the stricture of obstinate thought.BIBLIOGRAPHYHaila, A. (1997) The Neglected Builder of Global Cities. In Cities in Transformation Transformation in Cities Social and Symbolic Change of Urban Space, pp. 51 64. London Ashgate P.Logan, John R and Todd Swanstrom. (1990) Urban Restructuring A Critical View. In Beyond the City Limits Urban Policy and Economic restructuring in Comparative Perspective, pp. 3-24. sore York Temple U P.Moulaert, Frank et al. (2003) Urban Restructuring, Social-Political Polarization and New Urban Policies. In The Globalized City Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities, pp. 29-45. Oxford Oxford U P.Waley, P. (2000) Tokyo Patterns of Familiarity and Partitions of Difference. In Globalizing Cities A New Spatial Order?, pp. 127-157. New York Blackwell Publishers.Footnotes1 Moulaert et al 2003, p. 302 Moulaert et al 2003, p. 313 Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 44 Waley 2000, p.1395 Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 66 Waley 2000, p. 1287 Moulaert et al 2003, p. 328 Haila 1997, p. 569 Haila 1997, p. 5210 Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 1211 Waley 200, p. 141

Ava DuVernays Documentary: 13th, an Analysis

Ava DuVernays Documentary thirteenth, an Analysisthirteenth Documentary Close Reading AnalysisIn the mid-1960s, Malcolm X said, If you stick a knife nine inches into my back and pull it out three inches, that it not progress. Even if you pull it all the way out, that is not progress. arm is healing the wound, and America hasnt even begun to pull out the knife. And, to this day, Malcolm Xs words are just as salient and prophetic as they were during the Civil Rights Era. The exigent difficulty that Ameri move society recognizes exclusively refuses to acknowledge is that swarthy tidy sum have and continue to be excluded from the so-called albumen American hu homosexuality. Some Americans could argue that the 13th amendment left an encouraging and indelible impression on the racial fabric of American society. There is a diachronic and prevalent notion that America prides and extols herself in her pursuit for equality and justice. Furthermore, America worships herself on the alters of democracy, justice and equality. American patriots said that colored people should be grateful for the 13th amendment. But, the problem, like an ominous shadow, remains. American patriots said that they acknowledged the error of their ways and consequently conferred former black slaves with the 14th and fifteenth amendments yet, the exigent issue remains. American patriots told black people to designate some gratitude for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and yet, the problem akin to an individual who tirelessly struggles to extricate himself from the invisible shackles, remains. Though some could argue that the passing of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 reflect the racial progress of America, I would argue that these same laws that seek to include black people into humanity reflects white American societys estrangement and vehement opposition towards humanity. Furthermore, these amendments have also represented the painful struggle of black peoples quest to become legally human. In Ava DuVernays documentary, 13th, the use of storytelling is utilize to evince the reality that the legacies of the 13th amendment and bondage are still very visible in black communities. The storytelling in the documentary is didactic in form, and this didacticism is finally utilise to expose the reality that the further white America runs from the truth, the sooner the truth will find her.The use of storytelling in the DuVernays documentary is used to represent the legacies of slavery and the 13th amendment. According to the documentary, from Nixons time as president to the present, the war on drugs has become more insidious and more lethal. During his presidency, Nixon tacitly said that the black population was a menace to society. Thus, Nixon created a system that exclusively targeted black people without explicitly expressing the underlying motivations and inspiration of an unjust criminal system. Instead of a war on black people, N ixon proposed a war on drugs. During Regans presidency, the war on drugs was consecrated. Throughout time, this war on drugs became more insidious and was born and born-again throughout various presidencies. To this day, the war on drugs is a war on black people. However, the primary users of embezzled drugs are middle-class white people (Knafo, 2013). Interestingly, Americas illegal drug trade is a $151 billion-dollar exertion (Knafo, 2013). Given the p everyplacety and structural inequality in black communities, black people from urban settings such as the south side of Chicago, East Orange, New Jersey, or Compton, California are not the primary beneficiaries of this prominent industry. Through this, we witness the way state and federal governments use drugs to imprison black people. In turn, black peoples imprisonment has become a private venture. However, this is not a novel occurrence. There have been historical primordial forces that have contributed to the current racial inequalities and criminal injustices. Many American patriots view the 13th amendment as one of the most significant milestones in the tale of America. Though the 13th amendment seemingly established all former slaves to legal human status, at that place was a caveat in the clause Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or place pass on to their jurisdiction (DuVernay, 2016). In essence, slavery was illegal except for those who committed a criminal offense, which means a black person can be re-enslaved. out front the 13th Amendment, most convicts in prisons were white people. However, after the 13th amendment, most prisoners were black people. In addition, these former slaves were imprisoned and fined for petty theft, vagabondage and lack of memory a steady job (DuVernay). If black people could not pay the fines, some were sold to mining and timber companie s whilst others were sold back to the southern plantations that they worked on before the passing of the 13th Amendment. Under the convict remove program, prisoners were forced to work in deplorable conditions and many convicts died from disease and abuse. In time, the convict lease program gave birth to chain gangs, in which black prisoners were chained together whilst undergoing laborious and menial work, effectively reinforcing and perpetrating the enslavement of black males (Slavery by Another Name, PBS). During the 1950s, American society gradually illegalized chain gangs (Slavery by Another Name, PBS). Thus, American society forgot of the criminal injustices of the ancient past. The role of storytelling can be used to look at the current war on drugs and reflect on its historical utility in assuaging the conscience of white America. According to the documentary, the imprisonment sentence for the possession of col cocaine is approximately 100 times more grievous than the sent ence for the possession of powdered cocaine. Not single does the use of storytelling reveal the lineage of the 13th amendment, from convict leasing, to chain gangs, and ultimately to the epidemic of the prison industrial complex, but it also reveals that the legacies of slavery and the 13th amendment are still very visible in black communities today.In the documentary, the storytelling is didactic in form. Through this narrative storytelling, it seeks to re-educate American society, and challenge white Americas notions of democracy, justice and equality. Malcom X aptly said, History is a peoples memory, and without memory, man is demoted to the imprinter animals. I would argue that the didactic nature of the storytelling serves not only to educate, but to challenge white America. Furthermore, the instructive lessons of history that are characterized in this storytelling serves as a plea for America to wake up, and for America to claim the humanity that it has historically abandone d. In the early 1900s, it was common for southern whites to imprison black people in zoos for the general publics entertainment and satisfaction (ABS Staff). In addition, mothers would pull their children out of school to witness the exhibition of black mothers, fathers and small children in zoos. The exhibition of black people in zoos was a deliberate action in characterizing black people as members of a criminal, savage, and suspicious race. In essence, these human zoo exhibitions sought to represent black people as innately primitive, brutish and uncivilized. Though, some may now say that we do not commit such frightful atrocities, I would argue that the past informs the present. In the documentary, contributors described the media promotion of imprisoned black people as innately primitive, unhinged, amoral, and dehumanized beings. Though, we may not seduce bread crumbs to African-American male prisoners, we still throw proverbial bread crumbs, when the media exploits black mal es humanities. With the use of didacticism in storytelling, the narrative presented in the story seeks to re-educate, eradicate the brownout of American society, and ultimately reveal the haunting reality the further white America runs from truth, the sooner it will find her.In Ava Duverneys documentary, 13th, the use of storytelling is used to accent the reality that the legacies of the 13th amendment and slavery are still very visible in black communities. The storytelling in the documentary is didactic in form, and this didacticism is ultimately used to expose the reality that the further America runs from truth the sooner it finds her. In both content and form, this documentary sought to educate, inspire, confront, challenge, and expose the legacies of the 13th amendment in hopes that white American society will begin to humanize herself.Works Cited13th. Dir. Ava DuVernay. 13th. Netflix, 7 Oct. 2016. Web. 12 Mar. 2017.Chain Gangs. PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 13 M ar. 2017.Knafo, Saki. When It Comes To Illegal Drug Use, white-hot America Does The Crime, Black America Gets The Time. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.Staff, ABS. 13 Shameful Pictures of Europeans Placing African People in Human Zoos. Atlanta Black Star. N.p., 29 Dec. 2016. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.Ryanair Porters Five ForcesRyanair Porters Five ForcesRyanair, is Europes first and largest low fares air hose. It was founded in 1985, set up by the Ryan family, with 2 aircrafts, 51 staff and 1 flight route from Waterford in the southeast of Ireland to London Gatwick daily. The vision of Ryanair start as no frills brand, low fares flight, provoke ancillary revenue and finally to be no fares flight if available. Ryanairs objective lens is become the leader of the Europes low-fares airline through continued improvements and expanded offerings of low-fares passenger service. It aims to offer low fares to attract and queue up the passenger during t he aircraft maintenance checking to keep in line cost-containment and operating efficiencies for shorten the turnaround time.Nowadays, Ryanair own uniformed fleet of Boeing NG 737-800s in total of 210, hired 7200 staff and 150 destination points within 26 countries. The passenger traffic grew to about 65,300,000 passengers a year, it hold 28.67% of the entire passenger in the European Low Fares Airline Association (ELFAA). Ryanair had listed at the first place, as the champion airline with the most passengers in Europe which provide low fare short-haul spark. The low fare strategy provide Ryanair a shortcut to raise the profit and ancillary revenue, it made Ryanair kept success in the future. This is the reason that Ryanair has been so successful thus far.Five Forces analysisThreat of entryRyanair is a well-known low-fares airline in Europe since 1985 and it was a strong airline brand. If there have any potential youthful entrants get into the airline industry market, they may n eed to outlay a large amount of advertising fee to compete on Ryanairs battleground, the European airline industry. Ryanair after setup the online arriere pensee and reservation system Skylights, it has heavily promoted its website through newspaper, radio and television advertising, there have been savings the trade and distribution costs.Competitive rivalryRyanair has an advantage over other rival airlines, no-frills and low-fares are the company policy. It expanding the short-haul flight routes, using point-to-point strategy and shorten the flight turnarounds to reduce the cost outlay. However, other airlines compete in cost increasing competition, for the more price sensitive customers with senior high school customers benefit, using price wars between rival airlines. At the low price airlines, EasyJet is one of the competitor, but not really compete with Ryanair. The aim of the competitive rivalry is the threat to lead for sales decline.Bargaining power of SuppliersFor an air line, suppliers are mainly limited to the airplane and fuel supply. Ryanair had made very good relationship to its unique aeroplane suppliers, Boeing. Ryanair made a large volume contract with Boeing within the economic downturn at 2002 while other airlines on hold the aircraft purchase, and Boeing need to provide up to 150 of 737-800 type aircraft for Ryanair. In addition, Boeing also provides various ancillary products, stripped parts support and technical support for Ryanair. By the expanding to the aircraft, Ryanair can expand more destinations in Europe and provide low-fare ticket to the passengers, this soak up Ryanair become the youngest mail carrier in Europe and listed as second largest airlines worldwide which behind the Southwest airline. The fuel price is governed by world trade and fuel market predominate by the Middle Eastern countries. Ryanair was dependent on hedging, based on educated guessing for the fuel, to meet its low-fares policy.Bargaining power of buye rsIn airline industry, there have standardized product, flexible demand, airline brand and the service quality for consumers to determine and concern. Ryanair sold the flight ticket for customers through its website online system, this is the main reason can provide competitive price which in the industry level.Threat of substituteIn continental Europe, it offers an excellent railway trains which connected to the major cities that Ryanair can move to, but the train ticket is very expensive than Ryanair and also need to endure a longer journey. The second choice is driving car travel from place to place, but it is also time consuming than Ryanair and may meet lots of road problems and hassles. And the last one, it should be the video conference, this is not a charitable of transport service, it is global communication technology which solves the travel time and timing problem for the meeting and dealing agreement via web-camera, computer and internet network. It should be oft chea per than Ryanair and most convenience for Business Corporation.PESTEL analysis(P)oliticalThere was political stability in the countries inside Europe, it attracts more people to travel within Europe and belief safety. Middle East OPEC had a political force for the fuel oil. European Union (EU) had expansion to 27 countries, and abolished the duty-free sales, this encourage Ryanair plan to open new flight routes to gain profits and raise ancillary revenue. The impact of political factors was low.(E)conomicalThe market which outside the Europe was undeveloped, their market and the countries economies was non- abiding. Most of the Europe countries had joined into the EU, the economies and consumers was stable and growth. However, the fuel price had kept increase on a high price level, depreciation of US dollars make inflation in US scrimping and affected other countries currencies. In case, Ryanair can gain lot of regional subsidies to solve the high fuel price. In Europe, some count ries had its own local high-speed trains as main transportation for citizens. The impact of economical factors was low.(S)ocialThe economies of the EU countries was stable, this change the citizens lifestyles, such as increasing holiday travelling and product line travelling. The consumer demographics were changing and consumer preferences also fluctuating. This brings the increase of the grey market. The impact of social factors was high.(T)echnologicalThe use of Boeing NG 737-800s aircraft was low emission, low fuel burning consumption and environmentally-friendly. This reduces the flight cost to provide low fares for passengers. Ryanair also provide online booking and reservation service on its website (www.ryanair.com) which called Skylights, designed by Accenture Open Skies. It allows internet users to access Ryanairs host reservation system and to make payment for confirmed reservations in real time. The result of internet booking had growth rapidly since Ryanair launch the Skylights system. The impact of technological factors was low.(E)nvironmentalRyanair had changed its fleet from Boeing 737-200 aircraft to Boeing NG 737-800s nigh Generation aircraft since the replacement and expansion programme start at 1999. Ryanair own and operate the youngest and most fuel efficient aircraft fleet in Europe. Ryanair as the Europes greenest airline has minimized and continues to reduce fuel burn and CO2 emissions combination with numerous fuel saving measures, such as using latest aircraft winglets design and railway locomotive technology. It helps to increase fuel efficiency and limit emissions. Ryanair is also the European leader in noise levels controls, and it is good at waste reduction of low-fare low-cost business model, such as no free meals, drinks or newspapers offer.(L)egalRyanair was focus on airports terms and conditions and deal airport access and service charges agreement among airports, many airports has allowed Ryanair to bring off favorable con tracts with access airports facilities.Strengths analysisRyanair had the first mover advantage and it is a low cost Airline Business Model that restructured European Aviation industry as low cost leader with substantial growth. It use pioneer innovative cost reduction methods and established market share with high hinderance factor. Ryanair had a good strong public image which provide various ancillary services and kept expanding flight routes. Ryanair also is the member of safety committee.Weaknesses analysisRyanair had incompatible relationship with competitors, with fickle customer relations. It manages uncharacteristic expansion and only relies on Michael OLeary.Strategy evaluationRyanair mainly focus on online bookings service and only provide one class travel with ticketless boarding and unallocated seats. Their flights just fly to secondary or regional airports with point-to-point flying and reduced turnaround times. Ryanair work their marketing in-house, no frills and no r efund policy. It owns Europe youngest and large uniform new fleets of Boeing NG737-800s. It operations denominated in Europe and hedge fuel risk to avoid high fuel cost.

Symbols: The Essential Element :: Literary Analysis, Native Son

Symbols the basis of all literary works. Without symbols books become boring and lifeless. Symbols assist the reader in discovering a deeper meaning. In Richard Wrights novel, Native Son, symbols are used to show stopping point, faith and living in a white run world.In the first book, readers are introduced to the rat. large is shown attempting to destroy the rat. When the rat is deceased, he appears as a flat black body with two yellow tusks (6). With this death, larges murder streak starts. In the gruesome death of the rat, the ghastly deaths of Mary Dalton and Bessie Mears are foreshadowed. Marys death- while not gruesome at first- then turns suddenly violent when Bigger sawed the blade into the flesh and sent the blade of the hatchet into the bone of the throat (92). Though Mary initially died by suffocation, her head being chopped dispatch is as disturbing as the death of the rat. However, Bessies death was terrifying from the start. Bessie was hit in the most atrocious man ner. Bessie is not only raped, but bludgeoned to death by Bigger lifting the brick again and again (237). Bessies appalling death is the worst of all the deaths. Bessie appears to have done nothing wrong yet she is murdered at the hands of Bigger out of fear. Wrights use of the rat as a symbol shows how death is a horrendous event in life.Wrights use of the cross helps readers recognize faith. After Bigger is arrested, he is soon visited by his mothers preacher, Reverend Hammond. The reverend visits Bigger in an attempt to convince him that he must have faith in God. After praying for Bigger, Reverend Hammond draws from his pocket a wooden cross with a train upon it (286). The Reverend then placed it around Biggers neck where it hangs next to the skin of Biggers chest (286). The cross presented to Bigger is Hammonds attempt at forcing Bigger to believe and hope for something better. The cross is once again seen when Bigger is leaving the Dalton home, yet this time it is in a detri mental light. As Bigger exits the Dalton home, he sees a looming burning cross (337). Bigger then questions if white hoi polloi wanted him to love Jesus too (337). It is not until people are yelling at him that this is a cross of hate, not love and faith. When Bigger returns to the van he grips the cross and snatches it from his throat (338).

Sade animates Newtonian virtue :: French Literature Papers

Sade animates Newtonian virtue Sade integrated 18th degree centigrade French materialism into his draw at a such an elemental level that it is no exaggeration to say, as we will show here, that his pornography dramatises it directly. I will further argue that there is a strongly moral tone to his materialism that characters are expected to practise what they preach, and to believe in their note value system. The last part of my paper will look at how the opposing value system, Christianity, is satirised through the figure of Justine and that of the passive victims in general. Sade was an atheist, a Lockean sensationist and a materialist he avidly read Diderot and dAlemberts Encyclopdie and the writings of the philosophes dHolbach, Robinet, Condillac, La Mettrie and Buffon. He littered his works with references both tacit and expressed to the philosophes and passionately espoused what he saw as their cause. Their thinking was crucial to the construction of his own uvre, and as he commented himself on his writing practice, que veux-tu quon fasse sans livres ? Il faut en tre entour pour travailler, sinon on ne peut faire que des contes de fes, et je nai pas cet esprit-l. what am I supposed to do without books ? You have to be surrounded with them to work, differently you can only do fairy-stories, and Im not that way inclined. I hope to show here just how close his own work was to the materialism of the philosophes. The Encyclopdie itself advocated a close expository relationship between science and literature. The article Lettres explains that les lettres et les sciences proprement dites, ont entrelles lenchainement, les liaisons, et les rapports les plus etroits cest dans lEncyclopdie quil importe de le demontrer. literature and science are linked by the closest contact and relationship it is up to the Encyclopdie to show that this is the case. This assertion is of course based on the belief that science and literature are or should be about the same thing, that is to say, they are about life and nature. Life and nature, in the Encyclopdie, mean military issue in all its various forms. Matter was defined by the Encyclopdie as a substance tendue, solide, divisible, mobile et passible, le premier principe de